Modifica degli schemi delle tabelle

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
)

// updateTableAddColumn demonstrates modifying the schema of a table to append an additional column.
func updateTableAddColumn(projectID, datasetID, tableID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// datasetID := "mydataset"
	// tableID := "mytable"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	tableRef := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID)
	meta, err := tableRef.Metadata(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	newSchema := append(meta.Schema,
		&bigquery.FieldSchema{Name: "phone", Type: bigquery.StringFieldType},
	)
	update := bigquery.TableMetadataToUpdate{
		Schema: newSchema,
	}
	if _, err := tableRef.Update(ctx, update, meta.ETag); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Field;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.FieldList;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.LegacySQLTypeName;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Schema;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.StandardTableDefinition;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Table;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class AddEmptyColumn {

  public static void runAddEmptyColumn() {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String datasetName = "MY_DATASET_NAME";
    String tableId = "MY_TABLE_NAME";
    String newColumnName = "NEW_COLUMN_NAME";
    addEmptyColumn(newColumnName, datasetName, tableId);
  }

  public static void addEmptyColumn(String newColumnName, String datasetName, String tableId) {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      Table table = bigquery.getTable(datasetName, tableId);
      Schema schema = table.getDefinition().getSchema();
      FieldList fields = schema.getFields();

      // Create the new field/column
      Field newField = Field.of(newColumnName, LegacySQLTypeName.STRING);

      // Create a new schema adding the current fields, plus the new one
      List<Field> fieldList = new ArrayList<Field>();
      fields.forEach(fieldList::add);
      fieldList.add(newField);
      Schema newSchema = Schema.of(fieldList);

      // Update the table with the new schema
      Table updatedTable =
          table.toBuilder().setDefinition(StandardTableDefinition.of(newSchema)).build();
      updatedTable.update();
      System.out.println("Empty column successfully added to table");
    } catch (BigQueryException e) {
      System.out.println("Empty column was not added. \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

// Import the Google Cloud client library and create a client
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function addEmptyColumn() {
  // Adds an empty column to the schema.

  /**
   * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
   */
  // const datasetId = 'my_dataset';
  // const tableId = 'my_table';
  const column = {name: 'size', type: 'STRING'};

  // Retrieve current table metadata
  const table = bigquery.dataset(datasetId).table(tableId);
  const [metadata] = await table.getMetadata();

  // Update table schema
  const schema = metadata.schema;
  const new_schema = schema;
  new_schema.fields.push(column);
  metadata.schema = new_schema;

  const [result] = await table.setMetadata(metadata);
  console.log(result.schema.fields);
}

from google.cloud import bigquery

# Construct a BigQuery client object.
client = bigquery.Client()

# TODO(developer): Set table_id to the ID of the table
#                  to add an empty column.
# table_id = "your-project.your_dataset.your_table_name"

table = client.get_table(table_id)  # Make an API request.

original_schema = table.schema
new_schema = original_schema[:]  # Creates a copy of the schema.
new_schema.append(bigquery.SchemaField("phone", "STRING"))

table.schema = new_schema
table = client.update_table(table, ["schema"])  # Make an API request.

if len(table.schema) == len(original_schema) + 1 == len(new_schema):
    print("A new column has been added.")
else:
    print("The column has not been added.")

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
)

// createTableAndWidenLoad demonstrates augmenting a table's schema to add a new column via a load job.
func createTableAndWidenLoad(projectID, datasetID, tableID, filename string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// datasetID := "mydataset"
	// tableID := "mytable"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	sampleSchema := bigquery.Schema{
		{Name: "full_name", Type: bigquery.StringFieldType},
	}
	meta := &bigquery.TableMetadata{
		Schema: sampleSchema,
	}
	tableRef := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID)
	if err := tableRef.Create(ctx, meta); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Now, import data from a local file, but specify field additions are allowed.
	// Because the data has a second column (age), the schema is amended as part of
	// the load.
	f, err := os.Open(filename)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	source := bigquery.NewReaderSource(f)
	source.AutoDetect = true   // Allow BigQuery to determine schema.
	source.SkipLeadingRows = 1 // CSV has a single header line.

	loader := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID).LoaderFrom(source)
	loader.SchemaUpdateOptions = []string{"ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION"}
	job, err := loader.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	status, err := job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := status.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Field;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.FormatOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Job;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobId;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo.SchemaUpdateOption;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo.WriteDisposition;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.LegacySQLTypeName;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.LoadJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Schema;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableId;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import java.util.UUID;

public class AddColumnLoadAppend {

  public static void runAddColumnLoadAppend() throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String datasetName = "MY_DATASET_NAME";
    String tableName = "MY_TABLE_NAME";
    String sourceUri = "/path/to/file.csv";
    addColumnLoadAppend(datasetName, tableName, sourceUri);
  }

  public static void addColumnLoadAppend(String datasetName, String tableName, String sourceUri)
      throws Exception {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      TableId tableId = TableId.of(datasetName, tableName);

      // Add a new column to a BigQuery table while appending rows via a load job.
      // 'REQUIRED' fields cannot  be added to an existing schema, so the additional column must be
      // 'NULLABLE'.
      Schema newSchema =
          Schema.of(
              Field.newBuilder("name", LegacySQLTypeName.STRING)
                  .setMode(Field.Mode.REQUIRED)
                  .build(),
              // Adding below additional column during the load job
              Field.newBuilder("post_abbr", LegacySQLTypeName.STRING)
                  .setMode(Field.Mode.NULLABLE)
                  .build());

      LoadJobConfiguration loadJobConfig =
          LoadJobConfiguration.builder(tableId, sourceUri)
              .setFormatOptions(FormatOptions.csv())
              .setWriteDisposition(WriteDisposition.WRITE_APPEND)
              .setSchema(newSchema)
              .setSchemaUpdateOptions(ImmutableList.of(SchemaUpdateOption.ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION))
              .build();

      // Create a job ID so that we can safely retry.
      JobId jobId = JobId.of(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
      Job loadJob = bigquery.create(JobInfo.newBuilder(loadJobConfig).setJobId(jobId).build());

      // Load data from a GCS parquet file into the table
      // Blocks until this load table job completes its execution, either failing or succeeding.
      Job completedJob = loadJob.waitFor();

      // Check for errors
      if (completedJob == null) {
        throw new Exception("Job not executed since it no longer exists.");
      } else if (completedJob.getStatus().getError() != null) {
        // You can also look at queryJob.getStatus().getExecutionErrors() for all
        // errors, not just the latest one.
        throw new Exception(
            "BigQuery was unable to load into the table due to an error: \n"
                + loadJob.getStatus().getError());
      }
      System.out.println("Column successfully added during load append job");
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Column not added during load append \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

// Import the Google Cloud client libraries
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');

// Instantiate client
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function addColumnLoadAppend() {
  // Adds a new column to a BigQuery table while appending rows via a load job.

  /**
   * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
   */
  // const fileName = '/path/to/file.csv';
  // const datasetId = 'my_dataset';
  // const tableId = 'my_table';

  // In this example, the existing table contains only the 'Name', 'Age',
  // & 'Weight' columns. 'REQUIRED' fields cannot  be added to an existing
  // schema, so the additional column must be 'NULLABLE'.
  const schema = 'Name:STRING, Age:INTEGER, Weight:FLOAT, IsMagic:BOOLEAN';

  // Retrieve destination table reference
  const [table] = await bigquery
    .dataset(datasetId)
    .table(tableId)
    .get();
  const destinationTableRef = table.metadata.tableReference;

  // Set load job options
  const options = {
    schema: schema,
    schemaUpdateOptions: ['ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION'],
    writeDisposition: 'WRITE_APPEND',
    destinationTable: destinationTableRef,
  };

  // Load data from a local file into the table
  const [job] = await bigquery
    .dataset(datasetId)
    .table(tableId)
    .load(fileName, options);

  console.log(`Job ${job.id} completed.`);
  console.log(`New Schema:`);
  console.log(job.configuration.load.schema.fields);

  // Check the job's status for errors
  const errors = job.status.errors;
  if (errors && errors.length > 0) {
    throw errors;
  }
}

# from google.cloud import bigquery
# client = bigquery.Client()
# project = client.project
# dataset_ref = bigquery.DatasetReference(project, 'my_dataset')
# filepath = 'path/to/your_file.csv'

# Retrieves the destination table and checks the length of the schema
table_id = "my_table"
table_ref = dataset_ref.table(table_id)
table = client.get_table(table_ref)
print("Table {} contains {} columns.".format(table_id, len(table.schema)))

# Configures the load job to append the data to the destination table,
# allowing field addition
job_config = bigquery.LoadJobConfig()
job_config.write_disposition = bigquery.WriteDisposition.WRITE_APPEND
job_config.schema_update_options = [
    bigquery.SchemaUpdateOption.ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION
]
# In this example, the existing table contains only the 'full_name' column.
# 'REQUIRED' fields cannot be added to an existing schema, so the
# additional column must be 'NULLABLE'.
job_config.schema = [
    bigquery.SchemaField("full_name", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
    bigquery.SchemaField("age", "INTEGER", mode="NULLABLE"),
]
job_config.source_format = bigquery.SourceFormat.CSV
job_config.skip_leading_rows = 1

with open(filepath, "rb") as source_file:
    job = client.load_table_from_file(
        source_file,
        table_ref,
        location="US",  # Must match the destination dataset location.
        job_config=job_config,
    )  # API request

job.result()  # Waits for table load to complete.
print(
    "Loaded {} rows into {}:{}.".format(
        job.output_rows, dataset_id, table_ref.table_id
    )
)

# Checks the updated length of the schema
table = client.get_table(table)
print("Table {} now contains {} columns.".format(table_id, len(table.schema)))

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
)

// createTableAndWidenQuery demonstrates how the schema of a table can be modified to add columns by appending
// query results that include the new columns.
func createTableAndWidenQuery(projectID, datasetID, tableID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// datasetID := "mydataset"
	// tableID := "mytable"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	// First, we create a sample table.
	sampleSchema := bigquery.Schema{
		{Name: "full_name", Type: bigquery.StringFieldType, Required: true},
		{Name: "age", Type: bigquery.IntegerFieldType, Required: true},
	}
	original := &bigquery.TableMetadata{
		Schema: sampleSchema,
	}
	tableRef := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID)
	if err := tableRef.Create(ctx, original); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Our table has two columns.  We'll introduce a new favorite_color column via
	// a subsequent query that appends to the table.
	q := client.Query("SELECT \"Timmy\" as full_name, 85 as age, \"Blue\" as favorite_color")
	q.SchemaUpdateOptions = []string{"ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION"}
	q.QueryConfig.Dst = client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID)
	q.WriteDisposition = bigquery.WriteAppend
	q.Location = "US"
	job, err := q.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err = job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Job;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo.SchemaUpdateOption;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo.WriteDisposition;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableId;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableResult;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;

public class RelaxTableQuery {

  public static void runRelaxTableQuery() throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "MY_PROJECT_ID";
    String datasetName = "MY_DATASET_NAME";
    String tableName = "MY_TABLE_NAME";
    relaxTableQuery(projectId, datasetName, tableName);
  }

  // To relax all columns in a destination table when you append data to it during a query job
  public static void relaxTableQuery(String projectId, String datasetName, String tableName)
      throws Exception {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      TableId tableId = TableId.of(datasetName, tableName);

      String sourceTable = "`" + projectId + "." + datasetName + "." + tableName + "`";
      String query = "SELECT word FROM " + sourceTable + " WHERE word like '%is%'";

      QueryJobConfiguration queryConfig =
          QueryJobConfiguration.newBuilder(query)
              // Use standard SQL syntax for queries.
              // See: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/sql-reference/
              .setUseLegacySql(false)
              .setSchemaUpdateOptions(ImmutableList.of(SchemaUpdateOption.ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION))
              .setWriteDisposition(WriteDisposition.WRITE_APPEND)
              .setDestinationTable(tableId)
              .build();

      Job queryJob = bigquery.create(JobInfo.newBuilder(queryConfig).build());

      queryJob = queryJob.waitFor();

      // Check for errors
      if (queryJob == null) {
        throw new Exception("Job no longer exists");
      } else if (queryJob.getStatus().getError() != null) {
        // You can also look at queryJob.getStatus().getExecutionErrors() for all
        // errors, not just the latest one.
        throw new Exception(queryJob.getStatus().getError().toString());
      }

      // Get the results.
      TableResult results = queryJob.getQueryResults();

      // Print all pages of the results.
      results
          .iterateAll()
          .forEach(
              rows -> {
                rows.forEach(row -> System.out.println("row: " + row.toString()));
              });

      System.out.println("Successfully relaxed all columns in destination table during query job");
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Columns not relaxed during query job \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

// Import the Google Cloud client libraries
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');

// Instantiate client
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function addColumnQueryAppend() {
  // Adds a new column to a BigQuery table while appending rows via a query job.

  /**
   * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
   */
  // const datasetId = 'my_dataset';
  // const tableId = 'my_table';

  // Retrieve destination table reference
  const [table] = await bigquery
    .dataset(datasetId)
    .table(tableId)
    .get();
  const destinationTableRef = table.metadata.tableReference;

  // In this example, the existing table contains only the 'name' column.
  // 'REQUIRED' fields cannot  be added to an existing schema,
  // so the additional column must be 'NULLABLE'.
  const query = `SELECT name, year
    FROM \`bigquery-public-data.usa_names.usa_1910_2013\`
    WHERE state = 'TX'
    LIMIT 10`;

  // Set load job options
  const options = {
    query: query,
    schemaUpdateOptions: ['ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION'],
    writeDisposition: 'WRITE_APPEND',
    destinationTable: destinationTableRef,
    // Location must match that of the dataset(s) referenced in the query.
    location: 'US',
  };

  const [job] = await bigquery.createQueryJob(options);
  console.log(`Job ${job.id} started.`);

  // Wait for the query to finish
  const [rows] = await job.getQueryResults();
  console.log(`Job ${job.id} completed.`);

  // Print the results
  console.log('Rows:');
  rows.forEach(row => console.log(row));
}

from google.cloud import bigquery

# Construct a BigQuery client object.
client = bigquery.Client()

# TODO(developer): Set table_id to the ID of the destination table.
# table_id = "your-project.your_dataset.your_table_name"

# Retrieves the destination table and checks the length of the schema.
table = client.get_table(table_id)  # Make an API request.
print("Table {} contains {} columns".format(table_id, len(table.schema)))

# Configures the query to append the results to a destination table,
# allowing field addition.
job_config = bigquery.QueryJobConfig(
    destination=table_id,
    schema_update_options=[bigquery.SchemaUpdateOption.ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION],
    write_disposition=bigquery.WriteDisposition.WRITE_APPEND,
)

# Start the query, passing in the extra configuration.
query_job = client.query(
    # In this example, the existing table contains only the 'full_name' and
    # 'age' columns, while the results of this query will contain an
    # additional 'favorite_color' column.
    'SELECT "Timmy" as full_name, 85 as age, "Blue" as favorite_color;',
    job_config=job_config,
)  # Make an API request.
query_job.result()  # Wait for the job to complete.

# Checks the updated length of the schema.
table = client.get_table(table_id)  # Make an API request.
print("Table {} now contains {} columns".format(table_id, len(table.schema)))

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
)

// relaxTableAPI demonstrates modifying the schema of a table to remove the requirement that columns allow
// no NULL values.
func relaxTableAPI(projectID, datasetID, tableID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// datasetID := "mydatasetid"
	// tableID := "mytableid"
	ctx := context.Background()

	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	// Setup: We first create a table with a schema that's restricts NULL values.
	sampleSchema := bigquery.Schema{
		{Name: "full_name", Type: bigquery.StringFieldType, Required: true},
		{Name: "age", Type: bigquery.IntegerFieldType, Required: true},
	}
	original := &bigquery.TableMetadata{
		Schema: sampleSchema,
	}
	if err := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID).Create(ctx, original); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	tableRef := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID)
	meta, err := tableRef.Metadata(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Iterate through the schema to set all Required fields to false (nullable).
	var relaxed bigquery.Schema
	for _, v := range meta.Schema {
		v.Required = false
		relaxed = append(relaxed, v)
	}
	newMeta := bigquery.TableMetadataToUpdate{
		Schema: relaxed,
	}
	if _, err := tableRef.Update(ctx, newMeta, meta.ETag); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Field;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.LegacySQLTypeName;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Schema;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.StandardTableDefinition;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Table;

public class RelaxColumnMode {

  public static void runRelaxColumnMode() {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String datasetName = "MY_DATASET_NAME";
    String tableId = "MY_TABLE_NAME";
    relaxColumnMode(datasetName, tableId);
  }

  public static void relaxColumnMode(String datasetName, String tableId) {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      Table table = bigquery.getTable(datasetName, tableId);

      // Create new relaxed schema based on the existing table schema
      Schema relaxedSchema =
          Schema.of(
              // The only supported modification you can make to a column's mode is changing it from
              // REQUIRED to NULLABLE
              // Changing a column's mode from REQUIRED to NULLABLE is also called column relaxation
              // INFO: LegacySQLTypeName will be updated to StandardSQLTypeName in release 1.103.0
              Field.newBuilder("word", LegacySQLTypeName.STRING)
                  .setMode(Field.Mode.NULLABLE)
                  .build(),
              Field.newBuilder("word_count", LegacySQLTypeName.STRING)
                  .setMode(Field.Mode.NULLABLE)
                  .build(),
              Field.newBuilder("corpus", LegacySQLTypeName.STRING)
                  .setMode(Field.Mode.NULLABLE)
                  .build(),
              Field.newBuilder("corpus_date", LegacySQLTypeName.STRING)
                  .setMode(Field.Mode.NULLABLE)
                  .build());

      // Update the table with the new schema
      Table updatedTable =
          table.toBuilder().setDefinition(StandardTableDefinition.of(relaxedSchema)).build();
      updatedTable.update();
      System.out.println("Table schema successfully relaxed.");
    } catch (BigQueryException e) {
      System.out.println("Table schema not relaxed \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

// Import the Google Cloud client library and create a client
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function relaxColumn() {
  /**
   * Changes columns from required to nullable.
   * Assumes existing table with the following schema:
   * [{name: 'Name', type: 'STRING', mode: 'REQUIRED'},
   * {name: 'Age', type: 'INTEGER'},
   * {name: 'Weight', type: 'FLOAT'},
   * {name: 'IsMagic', type: 'BOOLEAN'}];
   */

  /**
   * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
   */
  // const datasetId = 'my_dataset';
  // const tableId = 'my_table';

  const newSchema = [
    {name: 'Name', type: 'STRING', mode: 'NULLABLE'},
    {name: 'Age', type: 'INTEGER'},
    {name: 'Weight', type: 'FLOAT'},
    {name: 'IsMagic', type: 'BOOLEAN'},
  ];

  // Retrieve current table metadata
  const table = bigquery.dataset(datasetId).table(tableId);
  const [metadata] = await table.getMetadata();

  // Update schema
  metadata.schema = newSchema;
  const [apiResponse] = await table.setMetadata(metadata);

  console.log(apiResponse.schema.fields);
}

from google.cloud import bigquery

client = bigquery.Client()

# TODO(dev): Change table_id to full name of the table you want to create.
table_id = "your-project.your_dataset.your_table"

table = client.get_table(table_id)
new_schema = []
for field in table.schema:
    if field.mode != "REQUIRED":
        new_schema.append(field)
    else:
        # SchemaField properties cannot be edited after initialization.
        # To make changes, construct new SchemaField objects.
        new_field = field.to_api_repr()
        new_field["mode"] = "NULLABLE"
        relaxed_field = bigquery.SchemaField.from_api_repr(new_field)
        new_schema.append(relaxed_field)

table.schema = new_schema
table = client.update_table(table, ["schema"])

print(f"Updated {table_id} schema: {table.schema}.")

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
)

// relaxTableImport demonstrates amending the schema of a table to relax columns from
// not allowing NULL values to allowing them.
func relaxTableImport(projectID, datasetID, tableID, filename string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// datasetID := "mydataset"
	// tableID := "mytable"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	sampleSchema := bigquery.Schema{
		{Name: "full_name", Type: bigquery.StringFieldType, Required: true},
		{Name: "age", Type: bigquery.IntegerFieldType, Required: true},
	}
	meta := &bigquery.TableMetadata{
		Schema: sampleSchema,
	}
	tableRef := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID)
	if err := tableRef.Create(ctx, meta); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Now, import data from a local file, but specify relaxation of required
	// fields as a side effect while the data is appended.
	f, err := os.Open(filename)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	source := bigquery.NewReaderSource(f)
	source.AutoDetect = true   // Allow BigQuery to determine schema.
	source.SkipLeadingRows = 1 // CSV has a single header line.

	loader := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID).LoaderFrom(source)
	loader.SchemaUpdateOptions = []string{"ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION"}
	job, err := loader.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	status, err := job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := status.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.CsvOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Field;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Job;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.LoadJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Schema;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.StandardSQLTypeName;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Table;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableId;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;

// Sample to append relax column in a table.
public class RelaxColumnLoadAppend {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String datasetName = "MY_DATASET_NAME";
    String tableName = "MY_TABLE_NAME";
    String sourceUri = "gs://cloud-samples-data/bigquery/us-states/us-states.csv";
    relaxColumnLoadAppend(datasetName, tableName, sourceUri);
  }

  public static void relaxColumnLoadAppend(String datasetName, String tableName, String sourceUri) {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      // Retrieve destination table reference
      Table table = bigquery.getTable(TableId.of(datasetName, tableName));

      // column as a 'REQUIRED' field.
      Field name =
          Field.newBuilder("name", StandardSQLTypeName.STRING).setMode(Field.Mode.REQUIRED).build();
      Field postAbbr =
          Field.newBuilder("post_abbr", StandardSQLTypeName.STRING)
              .setMode(Field.Mode.REQUIRED)
              .build();
      Schema schema = Schema.of(name, postAbbr);

      // Skip header row in the file.
      CsvOptions csvOptions = CsvOptions.newBuilder().setSkipLeadingRows(1).build();

      // Set job options
      LoadJobConfiguration loadConfig =
          LoadJobConfiguration.newBuilder(table.getTableId(), sourceUri)
              .setSchema(schema)
              .setFormatOptions(csvOptions)
              .setSchemaUpdateOptions(
                  ImmutableList.of(JobInfo.SchemaUpdateOption.ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION))
              .setWriteDisposition(JobInfo.WriteDisposition.WRITE_APPEND)
              .build();

      // Create a load job and wait for it to complete.
      Job job = bigquery.create(JobInfo.of(loadConfig));
      job = job.waitFor();
      // Check the job's status for errors
      if (job.isDone() && job.getStatus().getError() == null) {
        System.out.println("Relax column append successfully loaded in a table");
      } else {
        System.out.println(
            "BigQuery was unable to load into the table due to an error:"
                + job.getStatus().getError());
      }
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Column not added during load append \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}

// Import the Google Cloud client libraries
const {BigQuery} = require('@google-cloud/bigquery');

// Instantiate client
const bigquery = new BigQuery();

async function relaxColumnLoadAppend() {
  // Changes required column to nullable in load append job.

  /**
   * TODO(developer): Uncomment the following lines before running the sample.
   */
  // const fileName = '/path/to/file.csv';
  // const datasetId = 'my_dataset';
  // const tableId = 'my_table';

  // In this example, the existing table contains the 'Name'
  // column as a 'REQUIRED' field.
  const schema = 'Age:INTEGER, Weight:FLOAT, IsMagic:BOOLEAN';

  // Retrieve destination table reference
  const [table] = await bigquery
    .dataset(datasetId)
    .table(tableId)
    .get();
  const destinationTableRef = table.metadata.tableReference;

  // Set load job options
  const options = {
    schema: schema,
    schemaUpdateOptions: ['ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION'],
    writeDisposition: 'WRITE_APPEND',
    destinationTable: destinationTableRef,
  };

  // Load data from a local file into the table
  const [job] = await bigquery
    .dataset(datasetId)
    .table(tableId)
    .load(fileName, options);

  console.log(`Job ${job.id} completed.`);

  // Check the job's status for errors
  const errors = job.status.errors;
  if (errors && errors.length > 0) {
    throw errors;
  }
}

# from google.cloud import bigquery
# client = bigquery.Client()
# project = client.project
# dataset_ref = bigquery.DatasetReference(project, 'my_dataset')
# filepath = 'path/to/your_file.csv'

# Retrieves the destination table and checks the number of required fields
table_id = "my_table"
table_ref = dataset_ref.table(table_id)
table = client.get_table(table_ref)
original_required_fields = sum(field.mode == "REQUIRED" for field in table.schema)
# In this example, the existing table has 3 required fields.
print("{} fields in the schema are required.".format(original_required_fields))

# Configures the load job to append the data to a destination table,
# allowing field relaxation
job_config = bigquery.LoadJobConfig()
job_config.write_disposition = bigquery.WriteDisposition.WRITE_APPEND
job_config.schema_update_options = [
    bigquery.SchemaUpdateOption.ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION
]
# In this example, the existing table contains three required fields
# ('full_name', 'age', and 'favorite_color'), while the data to load
# contains only the first two fields.
job_config.schema = [
    bigquery.SchemaField("full_name", "STRING", mode="REQUIRED"),
    bigquery.SchemaField("age", "INTEGER", mode="REQUIRED"),
]
job_config.source_format = bigquery.SourceFormat.CSV
job_config.skip_leading_rows = 1

with open(filepath, "rb") as source_file:
    job = client.load_table_from_file(
        source_file,
        table_ref,
        location="US",  # Must match the destination dataset location.
        job_config=job_config,
    )  # API request

job.result()  # Waits for table load to complete.
print(
    "Loaded {} rows into {}:{}.".format(
        job.output_rows, dataset_id, table_ref.table_id
    )
)

# Checks the updated number of required fields
table = client.get_table(table)
current_required_fields = sum(field.mode == "REQUIRED" for field in table.schema)
print("{} fields in the schema are now required.".format(current_required_fields))

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	"cloud.google.com/go/bigquery"
)

// relaxTableQuery demonstrates relaxing the schema of a table by appending query results to
// enable the table to allow NULL values.
func relaxTableQuery(projectID, datasetID, tableID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// datasetID := "mydataset"
	// tableID := "mytable"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("bigquery.NewClient: %v", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	sampleSchema := bigquery.Schema{
		{Name: "full_name", Type: bigquery.StringFieldType, Required: true},
		{Name: "age", Type: bigquery.IntegerFieldType, Required: true},
	}
	meta := &bigquery.TableMetadata{
		Schema: sampleSchema,
	}
	tableRef := client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID)
	if err := tableRef.Create(ctx, meta); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Now, append a query result that includes nulls, but allow the job to relax
	// all required columns.
	q := client.Query("SELECT \"Beyonce\" as full_name")
	q.QueryConfig.Dst = client.Dataset(datasetID).Table(tableID)
	q.SchemaUpdateOptions = []string{"ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION"}
	q.WriteDisposition = bigquery.WriteAppend
	q.Location = "US"
	job, err := q.Run(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err = job.Wait(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQuery;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryException;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.BigQueryOptions;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Job;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo.SchemaUpdateOption;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.JobInfo.WriteDisposition;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.QueryJobConfiguration;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableId;
import com.google.cloud.bigquery.TableResult;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;

public class RelaxTableQuery {

  public static void runRelaxTableQuery() throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "MY_PROJECT_ID";
    String datasetName = "MY_DATASET_NAME";
    String tableName = "MY_TABLE_NAME";
    relaxTableQuery(projectId, datasetName, tableName);
  }

  // To relax all columns in a destination table when you append data to it during a query job
  public static void relaxTableQuery(String projectId, String datasetName, String tableName)
      throws Exception {
    try {
      // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
      // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
      BigQuery bigquery = BigQueryOptions.getDefaultInstance().getService();

      TableId tableId = TableId.of(datasetName, tableName);

      String sourceTable = "`" + projectId + "." + datasetName + "." + tableName + "`";
      String query = "SELECT word FROM " + sourceTable + " WHERE word like '%is%'";

      QueryJobConfiguration queryConfig =
          QueryJobConfiguration.newBuilder(query)
              // Use standard SQL syntax for queries.
              // See: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/sql-reference/
              .setUseLegacySql(false)
              .setSchemaUpdateOptions(ImmutableList.of(SchemaUpdateOption.ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION))
              .setWriteDisposition(WriteDisposition.WRITE_APPEND)
              .setDestinationTable(tableId)
              .build();

      Job queryJob = bigquery.create(JobInfo.newBuilder(queryConfig).build());

      queryJob = queryJob.waitFor();

      // Check for errors
      if (queryJob == null) {
        throw new Exception("Job no longer exists");
      } else if (queryJob.getStatus().getError() != null) {
        // You can also look at queryJob.getStatus().getExecutionErrors() for all
        // errors, not just the latest one.
        throw new Exception(queryJob.getStatus().getError().toString());
      }

      // Get the results.
      TableResult results = queryJob.getQueryResults();

      // Print all pages of the results.
      results
          .iterateAll()
          .forEach(
              rows -> {
                rows.forEach(row -> System.out.println("row: " + row.toString()));
              });

      System.out.println("Successfully relaxed all columns in destination table during query job");
    } catch (BigQueryException | InterruptedException e) {
      System.out.println("Columns not relaxed during query job \n" + e.toString());
    }
  }
}