解析和分块文档

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        "content": "\n# ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure\nReaders should also refer to ESS10 and its guidance notes, plus the template available for a stakeholder engagement plan. More detail on stakeholder engagement in projects with risks related to animal health is contained in section 4 below. The type of stakeholders (men and women) that can be engaged by the Borrower as part of the project's environmental and social assessment and project design and implementation are diverse and vary based on the type of intervention. The stakeholders can include: Pastoralists, farmers, herders, women's groups, women farmers, community members, fishermen, youths, etc. Cooperatives members, farmer groups, women's livestock associations, water user associations, community councils, slaughterhouse workers, traders, etc. Veterinarians, para-veterinary professionals, animal health workers, community animal health workers, faculties and students in veterinary colleges, etc. 8 \n# 4. Good Practice in Animal Health Risk Assessment and Management\n\n# Approach\nRisk assessment provides the transparent, adequate and objective evaluation needed by interested parties to make decisions on health-related risks associated with project activities involving live animals. As the ESF requires, it is conducted throughout the project cycle, to provide or indicate likelihood and impact of a given hazard, identify factors that shape the risk, and find proportionate and appropriate management options. The level of risk may be reduced by mitigation measures, such as infrastructure (e.g., diagnostic laboratories, border control posts, quarantine stations), codes of practice (e.g., good animal husbandry practices, on-farm biosecurity, quarantine, vaccination), policies and regulations (e.g., rules for importing live animals, ban on growth hormones and promotors, feed standards, distance required between farms, vaccination), institutional capacity (e.g., veterinary services, surveillance and monitoring), changes in individual behavior (e.g., hygiene, hand washing, care for animals). Annex 2 provides examples of mitigation practices. This list is not an exhaustive one but a compendium of most practiced interventions and activities. The cited measures should take into account social, economic, as well as cultural, gender and occupational aspects, and other factors that may affect the acceptability of mitigation practices by project beneficiaries and other stakeholders. Risk assessment is reviewed and updated through the project cycle (for example to take into account increased trade and travel connectivity between rural and urban settings and how this may affect risks of disease occurrence and/or outbreak). Projects monitor changes in risks (likelihood and impact) b               by using data, triggers or indicators. ",
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              "content": "\n# ESS6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources\nThe risks associated with livestock interventions under ESS6 include animal welfare (in relation to housing, transport, and slaughter); diffusion of pathogens from domestic animals to wildlife, with risks for endemic species and biodiversity (e.g., sheep and goat plague in Mongolia affecting the saiga, an endemic species of wild antelope); the introduction of new breeds with potential risk of introducing exotic or new diseases; and the release of new species that are not endemic with competitive advantage, potentially putting endemic species at risk of extinction. Animal welfare relates to how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives. An animal is in a good state of welfare if it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behavior, 7 Good Practice Note - Animal Health and related risks and is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear or distress. Good animal welfare requires appropriate animal care, disease prevention and veterinary treatment; appropriate shelter, management and nutrition; humane handling, slaughter or culling. The OIE provides standards for animal welfare on farms, during transport and at the time of slaughter, for their welfare and for purposes of disease control, in its Terrestrial and Aquatic Codes. The 2014 IFC Good Practice Note: Improving Animal Welfare in Livestock Operations is another example of practical guidance provided to development practitioners for implementation in investments and operations. Pastoralists rely heavily on livestock as a source of food, income and social status. Emergency projects to restock the herds of pastoralists affected by drought, disease or other natural disaster should pay particular attention to animal welfare (in terms of transport, access to water, feed, and animal health) to avoid potential disease transmission and ensure humane treatment of animals. Restocking also entails assessing the assets of pastoralists and their ability to maintain livestock in good conditions (access to pasture and water, social relationship, technical knowledge, etc.). Pastoralist communities also need to be engaged by the project to determine the type of animals and breed and the minimum herd size to be considered for restocking. \n# Box 5. Safeguarding the welfare of animals and related risks in project activities\nIn Haiti, the RESEPAG project (Relaunching Agriculture: Strengthening Agriculture Public Services) financed housing for goats and provided technical recommendations for improving their welfare, which is critical to avoid the respiratory infections, including pneumonia, that are serious diseases for goats. To prevent these diseases, requires optimal sanitation and air quality in herd housing. This involves ensuring that buildings have adequate ventilation and dust levels are reduced to minimize the opportunity for infection. Good nutrition, water and minerals are also needed to support the goats' immune function. The project paid particular attention to: (i) housing design to ensure good ventilation; (ii) locating housing close to water sources and away from human habitation and noisy areas; (iii) providing mineral blocks for micronutrients; (iv) ensuring availability of drinking water and clean food troughs. ",
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              "content": "\n# Scoping of risks\nEarly scoping of risks related to animal health informs decisions to initiate more comprehensive risk assessment according to the type of livestock interventions and activities. It can be based on the following considerations: • • • • Type of livestock interventions supported by the project (such as expansion of feed resources, improvement of animal genetics, construction/upgrading and management of post-farm-gate facilities, etc. – see also Annex 2); Geographic scope and scale of the livestock interventions; Human and animal populations that are likely to be affected (farmers, women, children, domestic animals, wildlife, etc.); and Changes in the project or project context (such as emerging disease outbreak, extreme weather or climatic conditions) that would require a re-assessment of risk levels, mitigation measures and their likely effect on risk reduction. Scenario planning can also help to identify project-specific vulnerabilities, country-wide or locally, and help shape pragmatic analyses that address single or multiple hazards. In this process, some populations may be identified as having disproportionate exposure or vulnerability to certain risks because of occupation, gender, age, cultural or religious affiliation, socio-economic or health status. For example, women and children may be the main caretakers of livestock in the case of 9 Good Practice Note - Animal Health and related risks household farming, which puts them into close contact with animals and animal products. In farms and slaughterhouses, workers and veterinarians are particularly exposed, as they may be in direct contact with sick animals (see Box 2 for an illustration). Fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) can exacerbate risk, in terms of likelihood and impact. Migrants new to a geographic area may be immunologically naïve to endemic zoonotic diseases or they may inadvertently introduce exotic diseases; and refugees or internally displaced populations may have high population density with limited infrastructure, leaving them vulnerable to disease exposure. Factors such as lack of access to sanitation, hygiene, housing, and health and veterinary services may also affect disease prevalence, contributing to perpetuation of poverty in some populations. Risk assessment should identify populations at risk and prioritize vulnerable populations and circumstances where risks may be increased. It should be noted that activities that seem minor can still have major consequences. See Box 6 for an example illustrating how such small interventions in a project may have large-scale consequences. It highlights the need for risk assessment, even for simple livestock interventions and activities, and how this can help during the project cycle (from concept to implementation). ",
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