Note: Java 8 has reached end of support on January 31, 2024. Your existing Java 8 applications will continue to run and receive traffic. However, App Engine might block re-deployment of applications that use runtimes after their end of support date. We recommend that you migrate to the latest supported version of Java.

Creating Push Queues

This page describes how to create and customize a push queue, and how to examine the contents of a queue.

Using a queue configuration file to create queues

To process a task, you must add it to a push queue. App Engine provides a default push queue, named default, which is configured and ready to use with default settings. If you want, you can just add all your tasks to the default queue, without having to create and configure other queues.

To add queues or change the default configuration, edit the queue configuration file for your application, which you upload to App Engine. You can create up to 100 queues. Queues cannot be created dynamically.

This queue configuration file defines two queues:

queue:
- name: queue-blue
  target: v2.task-module
  rate: 5/s

- name: queue-red
  rate: 1/s

To upload the file:

gcloud app deploy queue.yaml

All tasks added to queue-blue are sent to the target module v2.task-module. The refresh rate of queue-red is changed from 5/s to 1/s. Tasks will be dequeued and sent to their targets at the rate of 1 task per second.

If you delete a queue, you must wait approximately 7 days before creating a new queue with the same name.

There are many other parameters that can be added to the configuration file to customize the behavior of a push queue. For more information, see the queue configuration file reference.

Defining the push queue processing rate

You can control the rate at which tasks are processed in each of your queues by defining other directives, such as rate, bucket_size, and max_concurrent_requests.

The task queue uses token buckets to control the rate of task execution. Each named queue has a token bucket that holds tokens, up to the maximum specified by the bucket_size, or a maximum of 5 tokens if you don't specify the bucket size.

Each time your application executes a task, a token is removed from the bucket. Your app continues processing tasks in the queue until the queue's bucket runs out of tokens. App Engine refills the bucket with new tokens continuously based on the rate that you specified for the queue.

If your queue contains tasks to process, and the queue's bucket contains tokens, App Engine simultaneously processes as many tasks as there are tokens. This can lead to bursts of processing, consuming system resources and competing with user-serving requests.

If you want to prevent too many tasks from running at once or to prevent datastore contention, use max_concurrent_requests.

The following sample shows how to set max_concurrent_requests to limit tasks and also shows how to adjust the bucket size and rate based on your application's needs and available resources:

queue:
- name: queue-blue
  rate: 20/s
  bucket_size: 40
  max_concurrent_requests: 10

Setting storage limits for all queues

You can use your queue configuration file to define the total amount of storage that task data can consume over all queues. To define the total storage limit, include an element named total_storage_limit at the top level:

# Set the total storage limit for all queues to 120MB
total_storage_limit: 120M
queue:
- name: queue-blue
  rate: 35/s

The value is a number followed by a unit: B for bytes, K for kilobytes, M for megabytes, G for gigabytes, T for terabytes. For example, 100K specifies a limit of 100 kilobytes. If adding a task would cause the queue to exceed its storage limit, the call to add the task will fail. The default limit is 500M (500 megabytes) for free apps. For billed apps there is no limit until you explicitly set one. You can use this limit to protect your app from a fork bomb programming error in which each task adds multiple other tasks during its execution.

If your app is receiving errors for insufficient quota when adding tasks, increasing the total storage limit can help. If you are using this feature, we strongly recommend setting a limit that corresponds to the storage required for several days' worth of tasks. This allows the queues to be temporarily backed up and continue to accept new tasks while working through the backlog while still being protected from a fork bomb programming error.

Configuring the maximum number of concurrent requests

You can control the processing rate by setting max_concurrent_requests, which limits the number of tasks that can execute simultaneously.

If your application queue has a rate of 20/s and a bucket size of 40, tasks in that queue execute at a rate of 20/s and can burst up to 40/s briefly. These settings work fine if task latency is relatively low; however, if latency increases significantly, you'll end up processing significantly more concurrent tasks. This extra processing load can consume extra instances and slow down your application.

For example, let's assume that your normal task latency is 0.3 seconds. At this latency, you'll process at most around 40 tasks simultaneously. But if your task latency increases to 5 seconds, you could easily have over 100 tasks processing at once. This increase forces your application to consume more instances to process the extra tasks, potentially slowing down the entire application and interfering with user requests. You can avoid this possibility by setting max_concurrent_requests to a lower value.

For example, if you set max_concurrent_requests to 10, our example queue maintains about 20 tasks/second when latency is 0.3 seconds. When the latency increases over 0.5 seconds, this setting throttles the processing rate to ensure that no more than 10 tasks run simultaneously.

queue:
# Set the max number of concurrent requests to 50
- name: optimize-queue
  rate: 20/s
  bucket_size: 40
  max_concurrent_requests: 10

Monitoring queues in the Google Cloud console

In the Google Cloud console, go to the Cloud Tasks page.

Go to Cloud Tasks

Note that if you go to the App Engine Task queue page, there will be instructions that guide you to the Cloud Tasks page. This update in the Google Cloud console does not change how Task queues function.
Enable the Cloud Tasks API.
Once you're in the Cloud Tasks page, you will see a list of all of the queues in the application. Clicking on a the name of a queue brings up the Queue Details page, which shows all of the tasks in the selected queue.

What's next

Learn about creating tasks.