將訊息發布至主題

namespace pubsub = ::google::cloud::pubsub;
using ::google::cloud::future;
using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](pubsub::Publisher publisher) {
  auto message_id = publisher.Publish(
      pubsub::MessageBuilder{}.SetData("Hello World!").Build());
  auto done = message_id.then([](future<StatusOr<std::string>> f) {
    auto id = f.get();
    if (!id) throw std::move(id).status();
    std::cout << "Hello World! published with id=" << *id << "\n";
  });
  // Block until the message is published
  done.get();
}

using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class PublishMessagesAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> PublishMessagesAsync(string projectId, string topicId, IEnumerable<string> messageTexts)
    {
        TopicName topicName = TopicName.FromProjectTopic(projectId, topicId);
        PublisherClient publisher = await PublisherClient.CreateAsync(topicName);

        int publishedMessageCount = 0;
        var publishTasks = messageTexts.Select(async text =>
        {
            try
            {
                string message = await publisher.PublishAsync(text);
                Console.WriteLine($"Published message {message}");
                Interlocked.Increment(ref publishedMessageCount);
            }
            catch (Exception exception)
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"An error occurred when publishing message {text}: {exception.Message}");
            }
        });
        await Task.WhenAll(publishTasks);
        return publishedMessageCount;
    }
}

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"strconv"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub/v2"
)

func publishThatScales(w io.Writer, projectID, topicID string, n int) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// topicID := "my-topic"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	var totalErrors uint64

	// client.Publisher can be passed a topic ID (e.g. "my-topic") or
	// a fully qualified name (e.g. "projects/my-project/topics/my-topic").
	// If a topic ID is provided, the project ID from the client is used.
	// Reuse this publisher for all publish calls to send messages in batches.
	publisher := client.Publisher(topicID)

	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		result := publisher.Publish(ctx, &pubsub.Message{
			Data: []byte("Message " + strconv.Itoa(i)),
		})

		wg.Add(1)
		go func(i int, res *pubsub.PublishResult) {
			defer wg.Done()
			// The Get method blocks until a server-generated ID or
			// an error is returned for the published message.
			id, err := res.Get(ctx)
			if err != nil {
				// Error handling code can be added here.
				fmt.Fprintf(w, "Failed to publish: %v", err)
				atomic.AddUint64(&totalErrors, 1)
				return
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Published message %d; msg ID: %v\n", i, id)
		}(i, result)
	}

	wg.Wait()

	if totalErrors > 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("%d of %d messages did not publish successfully", totalErrors, n)
	}
	return nil
}

import com.google.api.core.ApiFuture;
import com.google.api.core.ApiFutureCallback;
import com.google.api.core.ApiFutures;
import com.google.api.gax.rpc.ApiException;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Publisher;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.TopicName;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class PublishWithErrorHandlerExample {

  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String topicId = "your-topic-id";

    publishWithErrorHandlerExample(projectId, topicId);
  }

  public static void publishWithErrorHandlerExample(String projectId, String topicId)
      throws IOException, InterruptedException {
    TopicName topicName = TopicName.of(projectId, topicId);
    Publisher publisher = null;

    try {
      // Create a publisher instance with default settings bound to the topic
      publisher = Publisher.newBuilder(topicName).build();

      List<String> messages = Arrays.asList("first message", "second message");

      for (final String message : messages) {
        ByteString data = ByteString.copyFromUtf8(message);
        PubsubMessage pubsubMessage = PubsubMessage.newBuilder().setData(data).build();

        // Once published, returns a server-assigned message id (unique within the topic)
        ApiFuture<String> future = publisher.publish(pubsubMessage);

        // Add an asynchronous callback to handle success / failure
        ApiFutures.addCallback(
            future,
            new ApiFutureCallback<String>() {

              @Override
              public void onFailure(Throwable throwable) {
                if (throwable instanceof ApiException) {
                  ApiException apiException = ((ApiException) throwable);
                  // details on the API exception
                  System.out.println(apiException.getStatusCode().getCode());
                  System.out.println(apiException.isRetryable());
                }
                System.out.println("Error publishing message : " + message);
              }

              @Override
              public void onSuccess(String messageId) {
                // Once published, returns server-assigned message ids (unique within the topic)
                System.out.println("Published message ID: " + messageId);
              }
            },
            MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
      }
    } finally {
      if (publisher != null) {
        // When finished with the publisher, shutdown to free up resources.
        publisher.shutdown();
        publisher.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const topicNameOrId = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME_OR_ID';
// const data = JSON.stringify({foo: 'bar'});

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function publishMessage(topicNameOrId, data) {
  // Publishes the message as a string, e.g. "Hello, world!" or JSON.stringify(someObject)
  const dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data);

  // Cache topic objects (publishers) and reuse them.
  const topic = pubSubClient.topic(topicNameOrId);

  try {
    const messageId = await topic.publishMessage({data: dataBuffer});
    console.log(`Message ${messageId} published.`);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(`Received error while publishing: ${error.message}`);
    process.exitCode = 1;
  }
}

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const topicNameOrId = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME_OR_ID';
// const data = JSON.stringify({foo: 'bar'});

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
import {PubSub} from '@google-cloud/pubsub';

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function publishMessage(topicNameOrId: string, data: string) {
  // Publishes the message as a string, e.g. "Hello, world!" or JSON.stringify(someObject)
  const dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data);

  // Cache topic objects (publishers) and reuse them.
  const topic = pubSubClient.topic(topicNameOrId);

  try {
    const messageId = await topic.publishMessage({data: dataBuffer});
    console.log(`Message ${messageId} published.`);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(
      `Received error while publishing: ${(error as Error).message}`,
    );
    process.exitCode = 1;
  }
}

use Google\Cloud\PubSub\MessageBuilder;
use Google\Cloud\PubSub\PubSubClient;

/**
 * Publishes a message for a Pub/Sub topic.
 *
 * @param string $projectId  The Google project ID.
 * @param string $topicName  The Pub/Sub topic name.
 * @param string $message  The message to publish.
 */
function publish_message($projectId, $topicName, $message)
{
    $pubsub = new PubSubClient([
        'projectId' => $projectId,
    ]);

    $topic = $pubsub->topic($topicName);
    $topic->publish((new MessageBuilder)->setData($message)->build());

    print('Message published' . PHP_EOL);
}

"""Publishes multiple messages to a Pub/Sub topic with an error handler."""
from concurrent import futures
from google.cloud import pubsub_v1
from typing import Callable

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# topic_id = "your-topic-id"

publisher = pubsub_v1.PublisherClient()
topic_path = publisher.topic_path(project_id, topic_id)
publish_futures = []

def get_callback(
    publish_future: pubsub_v1.publisher.futures.Future, data: str
) -> Callable[[pubsub_v1.publisher.futures.Future], None]:
    def callback(publish_future: pubsub_v1.publisher.futures.Future) -> None:
        try:
            # Wait 60 seconds for the publish call to succeed.
            print(publish_future.result(timeout=60))
        except futures.TimeoutError:
            print(f"Publishing {data} timed out.")

    return callback

for i in range(10):
    data = str(i)
    # When you publish a message, the client returns a future.
    publish_future = publisher.publish(topic_path, data.encode("utf-8"))
    # Non-blocking. Publish failures are handled in the callback function.
    publish_future.add_done_callback(get_callback(publish_future, data))
    publish_futures.append(publish_future)

# Wait for all the publish futures to resolve before exiting.
futures.wait(publish_futures, return_when=futures.ALL_COMPLETED)

print(f"Published messages with error handler to {topic_path}.")

# topic_id = "your-topic-id"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

topic = pubsub.topic topic_id

begin
  topic.publish_async "This is a test message." do |result|
    raise "Failed to publish the message." unless result.succeeded?
    puts "Message published asynchronously."
  end

  # Stop the async_publisher to send all queued messages immediately.
  topic.async_publisher.stop.wait!
rescue StandardError => e
  puts "Received error while publishing: #{e.message}"
end

namespace pubsub = ::google::cloud::pubsub;
using ::google::cloud::future;
using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](pubsub::Publisher publisher) {
  std::vector<future<void>> done;
  for (int i = 0; i != 10; ++i) {
    auto message_id = publisher.Publish(
        pubsub::MessageBuilder{}
            .SetData("Hello World! [" + std::to_string(i) + "]")
            .SetAttribute("origin", "cpp-sample")
            .SetAttribute("username", "gcp")
            .Build());
    done.push_back(message_id.then([i](future<StatusOr<std::string>> f) {
      auto id = f.get();
      if (!id) throw std::move(id).status();
      std::cout << "Message " << i << " published with id=" << *id << "\n";
    }));
  }
  publisher.Flush();
  // Block until all the messages are published (optional)
  for (auto& f : done) f.get();
}

using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using Google.Protobuf;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class PublishMessageWithCustomAttributesAsyncSample
{
    public async Task PublishMessageWithCustomAttributesAsync(string projectId, string topicId, string messageText)
    {
        TopicName topicName = TopicName.FromProjectTopic(projectId, topicId);
        PublisherClient publisher = await PublisherClient.CreateAsync(topicName);

        var pubsubMessage = new PubsubMessage
        {
            // The data is any arbitrary ByteString. Here, we're using text.
            Data = ByteString.CopyFromUtf8(messageText),
            // The attributes provide metadata in a string-to-string dictionary.
            Attributes =
            {
                { "year", "2020" },
                { "author", "unknown" }
            }
        };
        string message = await publisher.PublishAsync(pubsubMessage);
        Console.WriteLine($"Published message {message}");
    }
}

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub/v2"
)

func publishCustomAttributes(w io.Writer, projectID, topicID string) error {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// topicID := "my-topic"
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("pubsub.NewClient: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	// client.Publisher can be passed a topic ID (e.g. "my-topic") or
	// a fully qualified name (e.g. "projects/my-project/topics/my-topic").
	// If a topic ID is provided, the project ID from the client is used.
	// Reuse this publisher for all publish calls to send messages in batches.
	publisher := client.Publisher(topicID)
	result := publisher.Publish(ctx, &pubsub.Message{
		Data: []byte("Hello world!"),
		Attributes: map[string]string{
			"origin":   "golang",
			"username": "gcp",
		},
	})
	// Block until the result is returned and a server-generated
	// ID is returned for the published message.
	id, err := result.Get(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Get: %w", err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Published message with custom attributes; msg ID: %v\n", id)
	return nil
}

import com.google.api.core.ApiFuture;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Publisher;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.TopicName;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class PublishWithCustomAttributesExample {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    String topicId = "your-topic-id";

    publishWithCustomAttributesExample(projectId, topicId);
  }

  public static void publishWithCustomAttributesExample(String projectId, String topicId)
      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
    TopicName topicName = TopicName.of(projectId, topicId);
    Publisher publisher = null;

    try {
      // Create a publisher instance with default settings bound to the topic
      publisher = Publisher.newBuilder(topicName).build();

      String message = "first message";
      ByteString data = ByteString.copyFromUtf8(message);
      PubsubMessage pubsubMessage =
          PubsubMessage.newBuilder()
              .setData(data)
              .putAllAttributes(ImmutableMap.of("year", "2020", "author", "unknown"))
              .build();

      // Once published, returns a server-assigned message id (unique within the topic)
      ApiFuture<String> messageIdFuture = publisher.publish(pubsubMessage);
      String messageId = messageIdFuture.get();
      System.out.println("Published a message with custom attributes: " + messageId);

    } finally {
      if (publisher != null) {
        // When finished with the publisher, shutdown to free up resources.
        publisher.shutdown();
        publisher.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const topicNameOrId = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME_OR_ID';
// const data = JSON.stringify({foo: 'bar'});

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub();

async function publishMessageWithCustomAttributes(topicNameOrId, data) {
  // Publishes the message as a string, e.g. "Hello, world!" or JSON.stringify(someObject)
  const dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data);

  // Add two custom attributes, origin and username, to the message
  const customAttributes = {
    origin: 'nodejs-sample',
    username: 'gcp',
  };

  // Cache topic objects (publishers) and reuse them.
  const topic = pubSubClient.topic(topicNameOrId);

  const messageId = await topic.publishMessage({
    data: dataBuffer,
    attributes: customAttributes,
  });
  console.log(`Message ${messageId} published.`);
}

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO(developer)
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# topic_id = "your-topic-id"

publisher = pubsub_v1.PublisherClient()
topic_path = publisher.topic_path(project_id, topic_id)

for n in range(1, 10):
    data_str = f"Message number {n}"
    # Data must be a bytestring
    data = data_str.encode("utf-8")
    # Add two attributes, origin and username, to the message
    future = publisher.publish(
        topic_path, data, origin="python-sample", username="gcp"
    )
    print(future.result())

print(f"Published messages with custom attributes to {topic_path}.")

# topic_id = "your-topic-id"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new

topic = pubsub.topic topic_id
# Add two attributes, origin and username, to the message
topic.publish_async "This is a test message.",
                    origin:   "ruby-sample",
                    username: "gcp" do |result|
  raise "Failed to publish the message." unless result.succeeded?
  puts "Message with custom attributes published asynchronously."
end

# Stop the async_publisher to send all queued messages immediately.
topic.async_publisher.stop.wait!

namespace pubsub = ::google::cloud::pubsub;
using ::google::cloud::future;
using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;
[](pubsub::Publisher publisher) {
  struct SampleData {
    std::string ordering_key;
    std::string data;
  } data[] = {
      {"key1", "message1"}, {"key2", "message2"}, {"key1", "message3"},
      {"key1", "message4"}, {"key1", "message5"},
  };
  std::vector<future<void>> done;
  for (auto& datum : data) {
    auto message_id =
        publisher.Publish(pubsub::MessageBuilder{}
                              .SetData("Hello World! [" + datum.data + "]")
                              .SetOrderingKey(datum.ordering_key)
                              .Build());
    std::string ack_id = datum.ordering_key + "#" + datum.data;
    done.push_back(message_id.then([ack_id](future<StatusOr<std::string>> f) {
      auto id = f.get();
      if (!id) throw std::move(id).status();
      std::cout << "Message " << ack_id << " published with id=" << *id
                << "\n";
    }));
  }
  publisher.Flush();
  // Block until all the messages are published (optional)
  for (auto& f : done) f.get();
}

using Google.Cloud.PubSub.V1;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class PublishOrderedMessagesAsyncSample
{
    public async Task<int> PublishOrderedMessagesAsync(string projectId, string topicId, IEnumerable<(string, string)> keysAndMessages)
    {
        TopicName topicName = TopicName.FromProjectTopic(projectId, topicId);

        var customSettings = new PublisherClient.Settings
        {
            EnableMessageOrdering = true
        };

        PublisherClient publisher = await new PublisherClientBuilder
        {
            TopicName = topicName,
            // Sending messages to the same region ensures they are received in order even when multiple publishers are used.
            Endpoint = "us-east1-pubsub.googleapis.com:443",
            Settings = customSettings
        }.BuildAsync();

        int publishedMessageCount = 0;
        var publishTasks = keysAndMessages.Select(async keyAndMessage =>
        {
            try
            {
                string message = await publisher.PublishAsync(keyAndMessage.Item1, keyAndMessage.Item2);
                Console.WriteLine($"Published message {message}");
                Interlocked.Increment(ref publishedMessageCount);
            }
            catch (Exception exception)
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"An error occurred when publishing message {keyAndMessage.Item2}: {exception.Message}");
            }
        });
        await Task.WhenAll(publishTasks);
        return publishedMessageCount;
    }
}

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"

	"cloud.google.com/go/pubsub/v2"
	"google.golang.org/api/option"
)

func publishWithOrderingKey(w io.Writer, projectID, topicID string) {
	// projectID := "my-project-id"
	// topicID := "my-topic"
	ctx := context.Background()

	// Pub/Sub's ordered delivery guarantee only applies when publishes for an ordering key are in the same region.
	// For list of locational endpoints for Pub/Sub, see https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/reference/service_apis_overview#list_of_locational_endpoints
	client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, projectID,
		option.WithEndpoint("us-east1-pubsub.googleapis.com:443"))
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "pubsub.NewClient: %v", err)
		return
	}
	defer client.Close()

	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	var totalErrors uint64

	// client.Publisher can be passed a topic ID (e.g. "my-topic") or
	// a fully qualified name (e.g. "projects/my-project/topics/my-topic").
	// If a topic ID is provided, the project ID from the client is used.
	// Reuse this publisher for all publish calls to send messages in batches.
	publisher := client.Publisher(topicID)
	publisher.EnableMessageOrdering = true

	messages := []struct {
		message     string
		orderingKey string
	}{
		{
			message:     "message1",
			orderingKey: "key1",
		},
		{
			message:     "message2",
			orderingKey: "key2",
		},
		{
			message:     "message3",
			orderingKey: "key1",
		},
		{
			message:     "message4",
			orderingKey: "key2",
		},
	}

	for _, m := range messages {
		result := publisher.Publish(ctx, &pubsub.Message{
			Data:        []byte(m.message),
			OrderingKey: m.orderingKey,
		})

		wg.Add(1)
		go func(res *pubsub.PublishResult) {
			defer wg.Done()
			// The Get method blocks until a server-generated ID or
			// an error is returned for the published message.
			_, err := res.Get(ctx)
			if err != nil {
				// Error handling code can be added here.
				fmt.Printf("Failed to publish: %s\n", err)
				atomic.AddUint64(&totalErrors, 1)
				return
			}
		}(result)
	}

	wg.Wait()

	if totalErrors > 0 {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d of 4 messages did not publish successfully", totalErrors)
		return
	}

	fmt.Fprint(w, "Published 4 messages with ordering keys successfully\n")
}

import com.google.api.core.ApiFuture;
import com.google.api.core.ApiFutureCallback;
import com.google.api.core.ApiFutures;
import com.google.api.gax.rpc.ApiException;
import com.google.cloud.pubsub.v1.Publisher;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.PubsubMessage;
import com.google.pubsub.v1.TopicName;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class PublishWithOrderingKeys {
  public static void main(String... args) throws Exception {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "your-project-id";
    // Choose an existing topic.
    String topicId = "your-topic-id";

    publishWithOrderingKeysExample(projectId, topicId);
  }

  public static void publishWithOrderingKeysExample(String projectId, String topicId)
      throws IOException, InterruptedException {
    TopicName topicName = TopicName.of(projectId, topicId);
    // Create a publisher and set message ordering to true.
    Publisher publisher =
        Publisher.newBuilder(topicName)
            // Sending messages to the same region ensures they are received in order
            // even when multiple publishers are used.
            .setEndpoint("us-east1-pubsub.googleapis.com:443")
            .setEnableMessageOrdering(true)
            .build();

    try {
      Map<String, String> messages = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>();
      messages.put("message1", "key1");
      messages.put("message2", "key2");
      messages.put("message3", "key1");
      messages.put("message4", "key2");

      for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : messages.entrySet()) {
        ByteString data = ByteString.copyFromUtf8(entry.getKey());
        PubsubMessage pubsubMessage =
            PubsubMessage.newBuilder().setData(data).setOrderingKey(entry.getValue()).build();
        ApiFuture<String> future = publisher.publish(pubsubMessage);

        // Add an asynchronous callback to handle publish success / failure.
        ApiFutures.addCallback(
            future,
            new ApiFutureCallback<String>() {

              @Override
              public void onFailure(Throwable throwable) {
                if (throwable instanceof ApiException) {
                  ApiException apiException = ((ApiException) throwable);
                  // Details on the API exception.
                  System.out.println(apiException.getStatusCode().getCode());
                  System.out.println(apiException.isRetryable());
                }
                System.out.println("Error publishing message : " + pubsubMessage.getData());
              }

              @Override
              public void onSuccess(String messageId) {
                // Once published, returns server-assigned message ids (unique within the topic).
                System.out.println(pubsubMessage.getData() + " : " + messageId);
              }
            },
            MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
      }
    } finally {
      // When finished with the publisher, shutdown to free up resources.
      publisher.shutdown();
      publisher.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
    }
  }
}

/**
 * TODO(developer): Uncomment these variables before running the sample.
 */
// const topicNameOrId = 'YOUR_TOPIC_NAME_OR_ID';
// const data = JSON.stringify({foo: 'bar'});
// const orderingKey = 'key1';

// Imports the Google Cloud client library
const {PubSub} = require('@google-cloud/pubsub');

// Creates a client; cache this for further use
const pubSubClient = new PubSub({
  // Sending messages to the same region ensures they are received in order
  // even when multiple publishers are used.
  apiEndpoint: 'us-east1-pubsub.googleapis.com:443',
});

async function publishOrderedMessage(topicNameOrId, data, orderingKey) {
  // Publishes the message as a string, e.g. "Hello, world!" or JSON.stringify(someObject)
  const dataBuffer = Buffer.from(data);

  // Be sure to set an ordering key that matches other messages
  // you want to receive in order, relative to each other.
  const message = {
    data: dataBuffer,
    orderingKey: orderingKey,
  };

  // Cache topic objects (publishers) and reuse them.
  //
  // Pub/Sub's ordered delivery guarantee only applies when publishes for an ordering
  // key are in the same region. For list of locational endpoints for Pub/Sub, see:
  // https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/reference/service_apis_overview#list_of_locational_endpoints
  const publishOptions = {
    messageOrdering: true,
  };
  const topic = pubSubClient.topic(topicNameOrId, publishOptions);

  // Publishes the message
  const messageId = await topic.publishMessage(message);

  console.log(`Message ${messageId} published.`);

  return messageId;
}

from google.cloud import pubsub_v1

# TODO(developer): Choose an existing topic.
# project_id = "your-project-id"
# topic_id = "your-topic-id"

publisher_options = pubsub_v1.types.PublisherOptions(enable_message_ordering=True)
# Sending messages to the same region ensures they are received in order
# even when multiple publishers are used.
client_options = {"api_endpoint": "us-east1-pubsub.googleapis.com:443"}
publisher = pubsub_v1.PublisherClient(
    publisher_options=publisher_options, client_options=client_options
)
# The `topic_path` method creates a fully qualified identifier
# in the form `projects/{project_id}/topics/{topic_id}`
topic_path = publisher.topic_path(project_id, topic_id)

for message in [
    ("message1", "key1"),
    ("message2", "key2"),
    ("message3", "key1"),
    ("message4", "key2"),
]:
    # Data must be a bytestring
    data = message[0].encode("utf-8")
    ordering_key = message[1]
    # When you publish a message, the client returns a future.
    future = publisher.publish(topic_path, data=data, ordering_key=ordering_key)
    print(future.result())

print(f"Published messages with ordering keys to {topic_path}.")

# topic_id = "your-topic-id"

pubsub = Google::Cloud::Pubsub.new endpoint: "us-east1-pubsub.googleapis.com:443"

# Start sending messages in one request once the size of all queued messages
# reaches 1 MB or the number of queued messages reaches 20
topic = pubsub.topic topic_id, async: {
  max_bytes:    1_000_000,
  max_messages: 20
}
topic.enable_message_ordering!
10.times do |i|
  topic.publish_async "This is message ##{i}.",
                      ordering_key: "ordering-key"
end

# Stop the async_publisher to send all queued messages immediately.
topic.async_publisher.stop!
puts "Messages published with ordering key."