데이터베이스 연결 관리

# Preparing a statement before hand can help protect against injections.
stmt = sqlalchemy.text(
    "INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (:time_cast, :candidate)"
)
try:
    # Using a with statement ensures that the connection is always released
    # back into the pool at the end of statement (even if an error occurs)
    with db.connect() as conn:
        conn.execute(stmt, parameters={"time_cast": time_cast, "candidate": team})
        conn.commit()
except Exception as e:
    # If something goes wrong, handle the error in this section. This might
    # involve retrying or adjusting parameters depending on the situation.
    # ...

// Using a try-with-resources statement ensures that the connection is always released back
// into the pool at the end of the statement (even if an error occurs)
try (Connection conn = pool.getConnection()) {

  // PreparedStatements can be more efficient and project against injections.
  PreparedStatement voteStmt = conn.prepareStatement(
      "INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (?, ?);");
  voteStmt.setTimestamp(1, now);
  voteStmt.setString(2, team);

  // Finally, execute the statement. If it fails, an error will be thrown.
  voteStmt.execute();

} catch (SQLException ex) {
  // If something goes wrong, handle the error in this section. This might involve retrying or
  // adjusting parameters depending on the situation.
  // ...
}

try {
  const stmt =
    'INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (@timestamp, @team)';
  // Using a prepared statement protects against SQL injection attacks.
  // When prepare is called, a single connection is acquired from the connection pool
  // and all subsequent executions are executed exclusively on this connection.
  const ps = new mssql.PreparedStatement(pool);
  ps.input('timestamp', mssql.DateTime);
  ps.input('team', mssql.VarChar(6));
  await ps.prepare(stmt);
  await ps.execute({
    timestamp: timestamp,
    team: team,
  });
  await ps.unprepare();
} catch (err) {
  // If something goes wrong, handle the error in this section. This might
  // involve retrying or adjusting parameters depending on the situation.
  // ...
}

using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class SqlServerTcp
    {
        public static SqlConnectionStringBuilder NewSqlServerTCPConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "User Id=<DB_USER>;Password=<DB_PASS>;Server=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
            var connectionString = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                DataSource = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"), // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
                // Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
                UserID = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"),         // e.g. 'my-db-user'
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"),       // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                InitialCatalog = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'

                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance
                Encrypt = false,
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

insertVote := "INSERT INTO votes (candidate, created_at) VALUES (@TEAM, GETDATE())"
_, err := db.Exec(insertVote, sql.Named("TEAM", team))

@vote = Vote.new candidate: candidate

# ActiveRecord creates and executes your SQL and automatically
# handles the opening and closing of the database connection.
if @vote.save
  render json: "Vote successfully cast for \"#{@vote.candidate}\" at #{@vote.time_cast} PST!"
else
  render json: @vote.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity
end

// Use prepared statements to guard against SQL injection.
$sql = 'INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (GETDATE(), :voteValue)';

try {
    $statement = $conn->prepare($sql);
    $statement->bindParam('voteValue', $value);

    $res = $statement->execute();
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    throw new RuntimeException(
        'Could not insert vote into database. The PDO exception was ' .
        $e->getMessage(),
        $e->getCode(),
        $e
    );
}

# Pool size is the maximum number of permanent connections to keep.
pool_size=5,
# Temporarily exceeds the set pool_size if no connections are available.
max_overflow=2,
# The total number of concurrent connections for your application will be
# a total of pool_size and max_overflow.

// maximumPoolSize limits the total number of concurrent connections this pool will keep. Ideal
// values for this setting are highly variable on app design, infrastructure, and database.
config.setMaximumPoolSize(5);
// minimumIdle is the minimum number of idle connections Hikari maintains in the pool.
// Additional connections will be established to meet this value unless the pool is full.
config.setMinimumIdle(5);

  // 'max' limits the total number of concurrent connections this pool will keep. Ideal
  // values for this setting are highly variable on app design, infrastructure, and database.
  (config.pool.max = 5);
// 'min' is the minimum number of idle connections maintained in the pool.
// Additional connections will be established to meet this value unless the pool is full.
config.pool.min = 1;

// MaximumPoolSize sets maximum number of connections allowed in the pool.
connectionString.MaxPoolSize = 5;
// MinimumPoolSize sets the minimum number of connections in the pool.
connectionString.MinPoolSize = 0;

// Set maximum number of connections in idle connection pool.
db.SetMaxIdleConns(5)

// Set maximum number of open connections to the database.
db.SetMaxOpenConns(7)

# 'pool' is the maximum number of permanent connections to keep.
pool: 5

# SQLAlchemy automatically uses delays between failed connection attempts,
# but provides no arguments for configuration.

// Hikari automatically delays between failed connection attempts, eventually reaching a
// maximum delay of `connectionTimeout / 2` between attempts.

// The node-mssql module uses a built-in retry strategy which does not implement backoff.
// 'createRetryIntervalMillis' is the number of milliseconds to wait in between retries.
config.pool.createRetryIntervalMillis = 200;

Policy
    .Handle<SqlException>()
    .WaitAndRetry(new[]
    {
        TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
        TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2),
        TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)
    })
    .Execute(() => connection.Open());

# ActiveRecord automatically uses delays between failed connection attempts,
# but provides no arguments for configuration.

# 'pool_timeout' is the maximum number of seconds to wait when retrieving a
# new connection from the pool. After the specified amount of time, an
# exception will be thrown.
pool_timeout=30,  # 30 seconds

// setConnectionTimeout is the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for a connection checkout.
// Any attempt to retrieve a connection from this pool that exceeds the set limit will throw an
// SQLException.
config.setConnectionTimeout(10000); // 10 seconds
// idleTimeout is the maximum amount of time a connection can sit in the pool. Connections that
// sit idle for this many milliseconds are retried if minimumIdle is exceeded.
config.setIdleTimeout(600000); // 10 minutes

// 'connectionTimeout` is the maximum number of milliseconds to wait trying to establish an
// initial connection. After the specified amount of time, an exception will be thrown.
config.connectionTimeout = 30000;
// 'acquireTimeoutMillis' is the number of milliseconds before a timeout occurs when acquiring a
// connection from the pool.
config.pool.acquireTimeoutMillis = 30000;
// 'idleTimeoutMillis' is the number of milliseconds a connection must sit idle in the pool
// and not be checked out before it is automatically closed
(config.pool.idleTimeoutMillis = 600000),

// ConnectionTimeout sets the time to wait (in seconds) while
// trying to establish a connection before terminating the attempt.
connectionString.ConnectTimeout = 15;

# 'timeout' is the maximum number of seconds to wait when retrieving a
# new connection from the pool. After the specified amount of time, an
# ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError will be raised.
timeout: 5000

// Here we set the connection timeout to five seconds and ask PDO to
// throw an exception if any errors occur.
[
    PDO::ATTR_TIMEOUT => 5,
    PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
]

# 'pool_recycle' is the maximum number of seconds a connection can persist.
# Connections that live longer than the specified amount of time will be
# re-established
pool_recycle=1800,  # 30 minutes

// maxLifetime is the maximum possible lifetime of a connection in the pool. Connections that
// live longer than this many milliseconds will be closed and reestablished between uses. This
// value should be several minutes shorter than the database's timeout value to avoid unexpected
// terminations.
config.setMaxLifetime(1800000); // 30 minutes

// ADO.NET connection pooler removes a connection
// from the pool after it's been idle for approximately
// 4-8 minutes, or if the pooler detects that the
// connection with the server no longer exists.

// Set Maximum time (in seconds) that a connection can remain open.
db.SetConnMaxLifetime(1800 * time.Second)