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Auf dieser Seite wird beschrieben, wie Sie die Deferred API, einen der gebündelten Legacy-Dienste, mit der Python 3-Laufzeit für die Standardumgebung verwenden. Ihre Anwendung kann über das App Engine Services SDK für Python 3 auf die gebündelten Dienste zugreifen.
Übersicht
Bisher war das Deferred-Paket google.appengine.ext.deferred vom Web-App-Framework in Python 2 abhängig. Da das Web-App-Framework im App Engine Services SDK für Python 3 entfernt wurde, müssen Sie beim Upgrade Ihrer Python 2-Anwendung auf Python 3 einige Änderungen vornehmen.
Deferred API aktivieren
Wenn Sie die Deferred API für Python 3 aktivieren möchten, müssen Sie builtins.deferred in der Datei app.yaml nicht mehr auf on setzen. Stattdessen müssen Sie use_deferred=True im Aufruf von wrap_wsgi_app() übergeben, um die API zu aktivieren.
Wenn Ihre Anwendung den Standard-Endpunkt /_ah/queue/deferred verwendet, bleibt die Verwendung von deferred.defer() in Python 3 mit der in Python 2 identisch.
Wenn Ihre Anwendung eine benutzerdefinierte URL zur Ausführung zurückgestellter Aufgaben verwendet, müssen Sie einige Änderungen vornehmen, da die TaskHandler-Klasse im deferred-Modul für Python 2 in der Python 3-Version dieser API entfernt wurde.
Zum Festlegen einer benutzerdefinierten URL für die Ausführung von zurückgestellten Aufgaben kann die Anwendung entweder die post- oder die run_from_request-Methode in der deferred.Handler-Klasse (früher deferred.TaskHandler in Python 2) überschreiben und den environ-Parameter übergeben, der ein Wörterbuch mit WSGI-Anfrageparametern darstellt. Die post-Methode kann dann vom benutzerdefinierten Endpunkt aufgerufen werden (wie in den Python 3-Beispielen gezeigt).
Die durchgängige Nutzung der Python 3 Deferred API, wie z. B. die Weiterleitung von Anfragen und der Zugriff auf das Wörterbuch environ, hängt von dem Web-Framework ab, auf das die Anwendung migriert wird. Vergleichen Sie Codeänderungen, die im Python 2-Beispiel vorgenommen wurden, mit den Python 3-Beispielen in den folgenden Abschnitten.
Beispiele für Python 3
Das folgende Beispiel zeigt, wie Sie eine zurückgestellte Aufgabe mit einem Standardendpunkt und einem benutzerdefinierten Endpunkt in einer Flask-Anwendung und Django-Anwendung ausführen.
Flask
importosfromflaskimportFlask,requestfromgoogle.appengine.apiimportwrap_wsgi_appfromgoogle.appengine.extimportdeferredfromgoogle.appengine.extimportndbmy_key=os.environ.get("GAE_VERSION","Missing")app=Flask(__name__)app.wsgi_app=wrap_wsgi_app(app.wsgi_app,use_deferred=True)classCounter(ndb.Model):count=ndb.IntegerProperty(indexed=False)defdo_something_later(key,amount):entity=Counter.get_or_insert(key,count=0)entity.count+=amountentity.put()@app.route("/counter/increment")defincrement_counter():# Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute ASAP.deferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10)# Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute after 1 minute.deferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10,_countdown=60)# Providing non-default task queue argumentsdeferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10,_url="/custom/path",_countdown=120)return"Deferred counter increment."@app.route("/counter/get")defview_counter():counter=Counter.get_or_insert(my_key,count=0)returnstr(counter.count)@app.route("/custom/path",methods=["POST"])defcustom_deferred():print("Executing deferred task.")# request.environ contains the WSGI `environ` dictionary (See PEP 0333)returndeferred.Handler().post(request.environ)
Django
importosfromdjango.confimportsettingsfromdjango.core.wsgiimportget_wsgi_applicationfromdjango.httpimportHttpResponsefromdjango.urlsimportpathfromgoogle.appengine.apiimportwrap_wsgi_appfromgoogle.appengine.extimportdeferredfromgoogle.appengine.extimportndbmy_key=os.environ.get("GAE_VERSION","Missing")classCounter(ndb.Model):count=ndb.IntegerProperty(indexed=False)defdo_something_later(key,amount):entity=Counter.get_or_insert(key,count=0)entity.count+=amountentity.put()defincrement_counter(request):# Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute ASAP.deferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10)# Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute after 1 minute.deferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10,_countdown=60)# Providing non-default task queue argumentsdeferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10,_url="/custom/path",_countdown=120)returnHttpResponse("Deferred counter increment.")defview_counter(request):counter=Counter.get_or_insert(my_key,count=0)returnHttpResponse(str(counter.count))defcustom_deferred(request):print("Executing deferred task.")# request.environ contains the WSGI `environ` dictionary (See PEP 0333)response,status,headers=deferred.Handler().post(request.environ)returnHttpResponse(response,status=status.value)urlpatterns=(path("counter/get",view_counter,name="view_counter"),path("counter/increment",increment_counter,name="increment_counter"),path("custom/path",custom_deferred,name="custom_deferred"),)settings.configure(DEBUG=True,SECRET_KEY="thisisthesecretkey",ROOT_URLCONF=__name__,MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES=("django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware","django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware","django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware",),ALLOWED_HOSTS=["*"],)app=wrap_wsgi_app(get_wsgi_application(),use_deferred=True)
Ohne Framework
importosimportrefromgoogle.appengine.apiimportwrap_wsgi_appfromgoogle.appengine.extimportdeferredfromgoogle.appengine.extimportndbmy_key=os.environ.get("GAE_VERSION","Missing")classCounter(ndb.Model):count=ndb.IntegerProperty(indexed=False)defdo_something_later(key,amount):entity=Counter.get_or_insert(key,count=0)entity.count+=amountentity.put()defIncrementCounter(environ,start_response):# Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute ASAP.deferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10)# Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute after 1 minute.deferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10,_countdown=60)# Providing non-default task queue argumentsdeferred.defer(do_something_later,my_key,10,_url="/custom/path",_countdown=120)start_response("200 OK",[("Content-Type","text/html")])return[b"Deferred counter increment."]defViewCounter(environ,start_response):counter=Counter.get_or_insert(my_key,count=0)start_response("200 OK",[("Content-Type","text/html")])return[str(counter.count).encode("utf-8")]classCustomDeferredHandler(deferred.Handler):"""Deferred task handler that adds additional logic."""defpost(self,environ):print("Executing deferred task.")returnsuper().post(environ)routes={"counter/increment":IncrementCounter,"counter/get":ViewCounter,"custom/path":CustomDeferredHandler(),}classWSGIApplication:def__call__(self,environ,start_response):path=environ.get("PATH_INFO","").lstrip("/")forregex,handlerinroutes.items():match=re.search(regex,path)ifmatchisnotNone:returnhandler(environ,start_response)start_response("404 Not Found",[("Content-Type","text/plain")])return[b"Not found"]app=wrap_wsgi_app(WSGIApplication(),use_deferred=True)
Codebeispiele
Die vollständigen Codebeispiele aus dieser Anleitung finden Sie unter GitHub.
[[["Leicht verständlich","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Mein Problem wurde gelöst","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Sonstiges","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Schwer verständlich","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Informationen oder Beispielcode falsch","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Benötigte Informationen/Beispiele nicht gefunden","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Problem mit der Übersetzung","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["Sonstiges","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Zuletzt aktualisiert: 2025-08-11 (UTC)."],[[["\u003cp\u003eThe Deferred API for Python 3 on Google App Engine no longer requires setting \u003ccode\u003ebuiltins.deferred\u003c/code\u003e in \u003ccode\u003eapp.yaml\u003c/code\u003e; instead, you must use \u003ccode\u003euse_deferred=True\u003c/code\u003e when calling \u003ccode\u003ewrap_wsgi_app()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eThe default behavior of the Deferred API in Python 3 remains consistent with Python 2, using the \u003ccode\u003e/_ah/queue/deferred\u003c/code\u003e URL and the default queue, but keep in mind that Cloud Tasks will differ.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eWhen using the local development server for testing, you need to set \u003ccode\u003eDEFERRED_USE_CROSS_COMPATIBLE_PICKLE_PROTOCOL: 'True'\u003c/code\u003e in your \u003ccode\u003eapp.yaml\u003c/code\u003e to make sure the Deferred API works.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eCustom URLs for deferred task execution in Python 3 require using the \u003ccode\u003edeferred.Handler\u003c/code\u003e class's \u003ccode\u003epost\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003erun_from_request\u003c/code\u003e methods, as the \u003ccode\u003eTaskHandler\u003c/code\u003e from Python 2 is no longer available.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eThe way a Python 3 App uses the Deferred API, including its handling of requests and accessing the \u003ccode\u003eenviron\u003c/code\u003e dictionary, is based on the web framework that is being migrated to, as shown in the provided examples with Flask, Django and without a framework.\u003c/p\u003e\n"]]],[],null,["# Deferred API for Python 3\n\nThis page describes how to use the Deferred API, one of the legacy bundled services,\nwith the [Python 3 runtime](/appengine/docs/standard/python3) for\nthe standard environment. Your app can access the bundled services\nthrough the [**App Engine services SDK for Python 3**](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/appengine-python-standard).\n\nOverview\n--------\n\nPreviously, the Deferred package [`google.appengine.ext.deferred`](/appengine/docs/legacy/standard/python/refdocs/google.appengine.ext.deferred.deferred)\ndepended on the webapp framework in Python 2. Since the webapp framework has\nbeen removed in the App Engine services SDK for Python 3, you need to\nmake some changes when upgrading your Python 2 app to Python 3.\n\nEnabling the Deferred API\n-------------------------\n\nTo enable the Deferred API for Python 3, you no longer need to set\n[`builtins.deferred`](/appengine/docs/legacy/standard/python/config/appref#builtins)\nto `on` in the `app.yaml` file. Instead, to enable the API, you must pass\n`use_deferred=True` in the call to `wrap_wsgi_app()`.\n| **Important:** When using the [local development server](/appengine/docs/standard/python3/services/access#testing_and_deployment) to test Python 3 apps that use the [Deferred API](/appengine/docs/legacy/standard/python/refdocs/google.appengine.ext.deferred.deferred), you must set the following environment variable in your `app.yaml`: \n| `DEFERRED_USE_CROSS_COMPATIBLE_PICKLE_PROTOCOL: 'True'`\n\nSimilarites and differences\n---------------------------\n\nBy default, the Deferred API for Python 3 uses the same URL `/_ah/queue/deferred`\nand the same [default queue](/appengine/docs/standard/python/taskqueue/push/migrating-push-queues#creating_queues)\nas it did in Python 2. Note that for apps migrating to [Cloud Tasks](/tasks), the default queue is\n[not created automatically](/appengine/docs/legacy/standard/python/taskqueue/push/migrating-push-queues#creating_queues)\nand the [deferred tasks library is not available](/appengine/docs/legacy/standard/python/taskqueue/push/migrating-push-queues#features-not-available).\n\nIf your app uses the default `/_ah/queue/deferred` endpoint, using\n[`deferred.defer()` in Python 3](/appengine/docs/standard/python3/reference/services/bundled/google/appengine/ext/deferred/deferred)\nremains the same as\n[Python 2](/appengine/docs/legacy/standard/python/taskqueue/push/creating-tasks#using_the_instead_of_a_worker_service).\nIf your app uses a custom URL for execution of deferred tasks, you need to make\nsome changes since the `TaskHandler` class in the `deferred` module for Python 2\nhas been removed in the Python 3 version of this API.\n\nTo set a custom URL for execution of deferred tasks, the app can override either\nthe `post` or the `run_from_request` method in the\n[`deferred.Handler` class](/appengine/docs/standard/python3/reference/services/bundled/google/appengine/ext/deferred/Handler)\n(formerly `deferred.TaskHandler` in Python 2), and pass the `environ` parameter\nwhich represents a dictionary containing WSGI request parameters. The `post` method can then be\ncalled from the custom endpoint (as shown in the [Python 3 samples](#python-3-examples)).\n\nThe end-to-end usage of the Python 3 Deferred API, such as routing of requests and\naccessing the [`environ` dictionary](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/#id19),\ndepends on the web framework the app is migrating to. Compare code changes made\nfrom the Python 2 example to the Python 3 examples in the following sections.\n\nPython 3 examples\n-----------------\n\nThe following example shows how to execute a deferred task using a\ndefault endpoint and a custom endpoint in a Flask app and Django app. \n\n### Flask\n\n import os\n\n from flask import Flask, request\n from google.appengine.api import wrap_wsgi_app\n from google.appengine.ext import deferred\n from google.appengine.ext import ndb\n\n my_key = os.environ.get(\"GAE_VERSION\", \"Missing\")\n\n app = Flask(__name__)\n app.wsgi_app = wrap_wsgi_app(app.wsgi_app, use_deferred=True)\n\n\n class Counter(ndb.Model):\n count = ndb.IntegerProperty(indexed=False)\n\n\n def do_something_later(key, amount):\n entity = Counter.get_or_insert(key, count=0)\n entity.count += amount\n entity.put()\n\n\n @app.route(\"/counter/increment\")\n def increment_counter():\n # Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute ASAP.\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10)\n\n # Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute after 1 minute.\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10, _countdown=60)\n\n # Providing non-default task queue arguments\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10, _url=\"/custom/path\", _countdown=120)\n\n return \"Deferred counter increment.\"\n\n\n @app.route(\"/counter/get\")\n def view_counter():\n counter = Counter.get_or_insert(my_key, count=0)\n return str(counter.count)\n\n\n @app.route(\"/custom/path\", methods=[\"POST\"])\n def custom_deferred():\n print(\"Executing deferred task.\")\n # request.environ contains the WSGI `environ` dictionary (See PEP 0333)\n return deferred.Handler().post(request.environ)\n\n### Django\n\n import os\n\n from django.conf import settings\n from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application\n from django.http import HttpResponse\n from django.urls import path\n from google.appengine.api import wrap_wsgi_app\n from google.appengine.ext import deferred\n from google.appengine.ext import ndb\n\n my_key = os.environ.get(\"GAE_VERSION\", \"Missing\")\n\n\n class Counter(ndb.Model):\n count = ndb.IntegerProperty(indexed=False)\n\n\n def do_something_later(key, amount):\n entity = Counter.get_or_insert(key, count=0)\n entity.count += amount\n entity.put()\n\n\n def increment_counter(request):\n # Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute ASAP.\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10)\n\n # Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute after 1 minute.\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10, _countdown=60)\n\n # Providing non-default task queue arguments\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10, _url=\"/custom/path\", _countdown=120)\n\n return HttpResponse(\"Deferred counter increment.\")\n\n\n def view_counter(request):\n counter = Counter.get_or_insert(my_key, count=0)\n return HttpResponse(str(counter.count))\n\n\n def custom_deferred(request):\n print(\"Executing deferred task.\")\n # request.environ contains the WSGI `environ` dictionary (See PEP 0333)\n response, status, headers = deferred.Handler().post(request.environ)\n return HttpResponse(response, status=status.value)\n\n\n urlpatterns = (\n path(\"counter/get\", view_counter, name=\"view_counter\"),\n path(\"counter/increment\", increment_counter, name=\"increment_counter\"),\n path(\"custom/path\", custom_deferred, name=\"custom_deferred\"),\n )\n\n settings.configure(\n DEBUG=True,\n SECRET_KEY=\"thisisthesecretkey\",\n ROOT_URLCONF=__name__,\n MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES=(\n \"django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware\",\n \"django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware\",\n \"django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware\",\n ),\n ALLOWED_HOSTS=[\"*\"],\n )\n\n app = wrap_wsgi_app(get_wsgi_application(), use_deferred=True)\n\n### Without any framework\n\n import os\n import re\n\n from google.appengine.api import wrap_wsgi_app\n from google.appengine.ext import deferred\n from google.appengine.ext import ndb\n\n my_key = os.environ.get(\"GAE_VERSION\", \"Missing\")\n\n\n class Counter(ndb.Model):\n count = ndb.IntegerProperty(indexed=False)\n\n\n def do_something_later(key, amount):\n entity = Counter.get_or_insert(key, count=0)\n entity.count += amount\n entity.put()\n\n\n def IncrementCounter(environ, start_response):\n # Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute ASAP.\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10)\n\n # Use default URL and queue name, no task name, execute after 1 minute.\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10, _countdown=60)\n\n # Providing non-default task queue arguments\n deferred.defer(do_something_later, my_key, 10, _url=\"/custom/path\", _countdown=120)\n\n start_response(\"200 OK\", [(\"Content-Type\", \"text/html\")])\n return [b\"Deferred counter increment.\"]\n\n\n def ViewCounter(environ, start_response):\n counter = Counter.get_or_insert(my_key, count=0)\n start_response(\"200 OK\", [(\"Content-Type\", \"text/html\")])\n return [str(counter.count).encode(\"utf-8\")]\n\n\n class CustomDeferredHandler(deferred.Handler):\n \"\"\"Deferred task handler that adds additional logic.\"\"\"\n\n def post(self, environ):\n print(\"Executing deferred task.\")\n return super().post(environ)\n\n\n routes = {\n \"counter/increment\": IncrementCounter,\n \"counter/get\": ViewCounter,\n \"custom/path\": CustomDeferredHandler(),\n }\n\n\n class WSGIApplication:\n def __call__(self, environ, start_response):\n path = environ.get(\"PATH_INFO\", \"\").lstrip(\"/\")\n for regex, handler in routes.items():\n match = re.search(regex, path)\n if match is not None:\n return handler(environ, start_response)\n\n start_response(\"404 Not Found\", [(\"Content-Type\", \"text/plain\")])\n return [b\"Not found\"]\n\n\n app = wrap_wsgi_app(WSGIApplication(), use_deferred=True)\n\nCode samples\n------------\n\nTo view the complete code samples from this guide, see\n[GitHub](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/python-docs-samples/tree/main/appengine/standard_python3/bundled-services)."]]