Confira nesta página as práticas recomendadas e exemplos de código específicos de cada idioma para ajudar você a criar aplicativos que usam conexões de bancos de dados do Cloud SQL de modo eficiente.
Estas amostras são trechos de um aplicativo da Web completo disponível no GitHub. Saiba mais.
Para instruções passo a passo sobre como executar um aplicativo da Web de amostra conectado ao Cloud SQL, acesse o link do seu ambiente:
- Guia de início rápido para se conectar do seu computador local
- Guia de início rápido para se conectar no Compute Engine
- Guia de início rápido para se conectar no Cloud Run
- Guia de início rápido para se conectar no Cloud Functions
- Guia de início rápido para se conectar no Google Kubernetes Engine
Pools de conexões
Um pool de conexões é um cache de conexões de banco de dados que são compartilhadas e reutilizadas para melhorar a latência e o desempenho da conexão. Quando seu aplicativo precisa de uma conexão de banco de dados, ele pega uma emprestada do pool temporariamente. Assim que ele termina de usar a conexão, ela é devolvida ao pool para ser reutilizada da próxima vez em que o aplicativo precisar de uma conexão de banco de dados.
Conectar com TCP
Python
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
import os
import ssl
import sqlalchemy
def connect_tcp_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
"""Initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
# Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
# secure - consider a more secure solution such as
# Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
# keep secrets safe.
db_host = os.environ[
"INSTANCE_HOST"
] # e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"] # e.g. 'my-db-user'
db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"] # e.g. 'my-db-password'
db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"] # e.g. 'my-database'
db_port = os.environ["DB_PORT"] # e.g. 5432
pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
# Equivalent URL:
# postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>
sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
username=db_user,
password=db_pass,
host=db_host,
port=db_port,
database=db_name,
),
# ...
)
return pool
Java
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
Observação:
- CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME precisa ser representado como <MEU-PROJETO>:<REGIÃO-DA-INSTÂNCIA>:<NOME-DA-INSTÂNCIA>
- O uso do argumento ipTypes=PRIVATE forçará o SocketFactory a se conectar ao IP privado associado de uma instância
- Consulte os requisitos de versão de fábrica do soquete JDBC para o arquivo pom.xml aqui.
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
public class TcpConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");
private static final String INSTANCE_HOST = System.getenv("INSTANCE_HOST");
private static final String DB_PORT = System.getenv("DB_PORT");
public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
// The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
// The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
// jdbc:postgresql://<INSTANCE_HOST>:<DB_PORT>/<DB_NAME>?user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
// See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
// https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url
// Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql://%s:%s/%s", INSTANCE_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_NAME));
config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"
// ... Specify additional connection properties here.
// ...
// Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
return new HikariDataSource(config);
}
}
Node.js
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
const Knex = require('knex');
const fs = require('fs');
// createTcpPool initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
const createTcpPool = async config => {
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
const dbConfig = {
client: 'pg',
connection: {
host: process.env.INSTANCE_HOST, // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
port: process.env.DB_PORT, // e.g. '5432'
user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
},
// ... Specify additional properties here.
...config,
};
// Establish a connection to the database.
return Knex(dbConfig);
};
Go
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
package cloudsql
import (
"database/sql"
"fmt"
"log"
"os"
// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)
// connectTCPSocket initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
func connectTCPSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
v := os.Getenv(k)
if v == "" {
log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_tcp.go: %s environment variable not set.", k)
}
return v
}
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
var (
dbUser = mustGetenv("DB_USER") // e.g. 'my-db-user'
dbPwd = mustGetenv("DB_PASS") // e.g. 'my-db-password'
dbTCPHost = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_HOST") // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
dbPort = mustGetenv("DB_PORT") // e.g. '5432'
dbName = mustGetenv("DB_NAME") // e.g. 'my-database'
)
dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("host=%s user=%s password=%s port=%s database=%s",
dbTCPHost, dbUser, dbPwd, dbPort, dbName)
// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
}
// ...
return dbPool, nil
}
C#
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
using Npgsql;
using System;
namespace CloudSql
{
public class PostgreSqlTcp
{
public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString()
{
// Equivalent connection string:
// "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
{
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"), // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
// Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user'
Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'
// The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
};
connectionString.Pooling = true;
// Specify additional properties here.
return connectionString;
}
}
}
Ruby
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
tcp: &tcp
adapter: postgresql
# Configure additional properties here.
# Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
# secure - consider a more secure solution such as
# Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
# keep secrets safe.
username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %> # e.g. "my-database-user"
password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
host: <%= ENV.fetch("INSTANCE_HOST") { "127.0.0.1" }%> # '172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex
port: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_PORT") { 5432 }%>
PHP
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;
use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;
class DatabaseTcp
{
public static function initTcpDatabaseConnection(): PDO
{
try {
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
$username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
$password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
$dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
$instanceHost = getenv('INSTANCE_HOST'); // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' for GAE Flex)
// Connect using TCP
$dsn = sprintf('pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s', $dbName, $instanceHost);
// Connect to the database
$conn = new PDO(
$dsn,
$username,
$password,
# ...
);
} catch (TypeError $e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
sprintf(
'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
'$username, $password, $dbName, and $instanceHost (for TCP mode). ' .
'The PHP error was %s',
$e->getMessage()
),
$e->getCode(),
$e
);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
sprintf(
'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
$e->getMessage()
),
$e->getCode(),
$e
);
}
return $conn;
}
}
Conectar-se com soquetes Unix
Python
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
import os
import sqlalchemy
def connect_unix_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
"""Initializes a Unix socket connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
# Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
# secure - consider a more secure solution such as
# Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
# keep secrets safe.
db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"] # e.g. 'my-database-user'
db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"] # e.g. 'my-database-password'
db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"] # e.g. 'my-database'
unix_socket_path = os.environ[
"INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"
] # e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
# Equivalent URL:
# postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@/<db_name>
# ?unix_sock=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>/.s.PGSQL.5432
# Note: Some drivers require the `unix_sock` query parameter to use a different key.
# For example, 'psycopg2' uses the path set to `host` in order to connect successfully.
sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
username=db_user,
password=db_pass,
database=db_name,
query={"unix_sock": f"{unix_socket_path}/.s.PGSQL.5432"},
),
# ...
)
return pool
Java
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
public class ConnectorConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
private static final String INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME =
System.getenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME");
private static final String INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET = System.getenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET");
private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");
public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
// The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
// The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
// jdbc:postgresql:///<DB_NAME>?cloudSqlInstance=<INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME>&
// socketFactory=com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory&user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
// See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
// https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url
// Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql:///%s", DB_NAME));
config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", _postgres"
config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"
config.addDataSourceProperty("socketFactory", "com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory");
config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlInstance", INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME);
// Unix sockets are not natively supported in Java, so it is necessary to use the Cloud SQL
// Java Connector to connect. When setting INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, the connector will
// call an external package that will enable Unix socket connections.
// Note: For Java users, the Cloud SQL Java Connector can provide authenticated connections
// which is usually preferable to using the Cloud SQL Proxy with Unix sockets.
// See https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory for details.
if (INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET != null) {
config.addDataSourceProperty("unixSocketPath", INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET);
}
// ... Specify additional connection properties here.
// ...
// Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
return new HikariDataSource(config);
}
}
Node.js
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
const Knex = require('knex');
// createUnixSocketPool initializes a Unix socket connection pool for
// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.
const createUnixSocketPool = async config => {
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
return Knex({
client: 'pg',
connection: {
user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
host: process.env.INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
},
// ... Specify additional properties here.
...config,
});
};
C#
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
using Npgsql;
using System;
namespace CloudSql
{
public class PostgreSqlUnix
{
public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlUnixSocketConnectionString()
{
// Equivalent connection string:
// "Server=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>;Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Database=<DB_NAME>"
var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
{
// The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"), // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user
Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'
};
connectionString.Pooling = true;
// Specify additional properties here.
return connectionString;
}
}
}
Go
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
package cloudsql
import (
"database/sql"
"fmt"
"log"
"os"
// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)
// connectUnixSocket initializes a Unix socket connection pool for
// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.
func connectUnixSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
v := os.Getenv(k)
if v == "" {
log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_unix.go: %s environment variable not set.\n", k)
}
return v
}
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
var (
dbUser = mustGetenv("DB_USER") // e.g. 'my-db-user'
dbPwd = mustGetenv("DB_PASS") // e.g. 'my-db-password'
unixSocketPath = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET") // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
dbName = mustGetenv("DB_NAME") // e.g. 'my-database'
)
dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("user=%s password=%s database=%s host=%s",
dbUser, dbPwd, dbName, unixSocketPath)
// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
}
// ...
return dbPool, nil
}
Ruby
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
unix: &unix
adapter: postgresql
# Configure additional properties here.
# Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
# secure - consider a more secure solution such as
# Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
# keep secrets safe.
username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %> # e.g. "my-database-user"
password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
# Specify the Unix socket path as host
host: "<%= ENV["INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"] %>"
PHP
Para conferir esse snippet no contexto de um aplicativo da Web, consulte o README no GitHub.
namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;
use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;
class DatabaseUnix
{
public static function initUnixDatabaseConnection(): PDO
{
try {
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
$username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
$password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
$dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
$instanceUnixSocket = getenv('INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET'); // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
// Connect using UNIX sockets
$dsn = sprintf(
'pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s',
$dbName,
$instanceUnixSocket
);
// Connect to the database.
$conn = new PDO(
$dsn,
$username,
$password,
# ...
);
} catch (TypeError $e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
sprintf(
'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
'$username, $password, $dbName, ' .
'and $instanceUnixSocket (for UNIX socket mode). ' .
'The PHP error was %s',
$e->getMessage()
),
(int) $e->getCode(),
$e
);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
sprintf(
'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
$e->getMessage()
),
(int) $e->getCode(),
$e
);
}
return $conn;
}
}
Abrir e fechar conexões
Ao usar um pool de conexões, é necessário iniciá-las e encerrá-las corretamente. Assim, as conexões sempre serão retornadas ao pool quando você terminar de usá-las. Conexões não retornadas ou "vazadas" não são reutilizadas, o que gera desperdício de recursos e potenciais gargalos de desempenho para seu aplicativo.
Python
# Preparing a statement before hand can help protect against injections.
stmt = sqlalchemy.text(
"INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (:time_cast, :candidate)"
)
try:
# Using a with statement ensures that the connection is always released
# back into the pool at the end of statement (even if an error occurs)
with db.connect() as conn:
conn.execute(stmt, parameters={"time_cast": time_cast, "candidate": team})
conn.commit()
except Exception as e:
# If something goes wrong, handle the error in this section. This might
# involve retrying or adjusting parameters depending on the situation.
# ...
Java
// Using a try-with-resources statement ensures that the connection is always released back
// into the pool at the end of the statement (even if an error occurs)
try (Connection conn = pool.getConnection()) {
// PreparedStatements can be more efficient and project against injections.
String stmt = "INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (?, ?);";
try (PreparedStatement voteStmt = conn.prepareStatement(stmt);) {
voteStmt.setTimestamp(1, now);
voteStmt.setString(2, team);
// Finally, execute the statement. If it fails, an error will be thrown.
voteStmt.execute();
}
} catch (SQLException ex) {
// If something goes wrong, handle the error in this section. This might involve retrying or
// adjusting parameters depending on the situation.
// ...
}
Node.js
/**
* Insert a vote record into the database.
*
* @param {object} pool The Knex connection object.
* @param {object} vote The vote record to insert.
* @returns {Promise}
*/
const insertVote = async (pool, vote) => {
try {
return await pool('votes').insert(vote);
} catch (err) {
throw Error(err);
}
};
C#
using Npgsql;
using System;
namespace CloudSql
{
public class PostgreSqlTcp
{
public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString()
{
// Equivalent connection string:
// "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
{
// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
// keep secrets safe.
Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"), // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
// Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user'
Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'
// The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
};
connectionString.Pooling = true;
// Specify additional properties here.
return connectionString;
}
}
}
Go
insertVote := "INSERT INTO votes(candidate, created_at) VALUES($1, NOW())"
_, err := db.Exec(insertVote, team)
Ruby
@vote = Vote.new candidate: candidate
# ActiveRecord creates and executes your SQL and automatically
# handles the opening and closing of the database connection.
if @vote.save
render json: "Vote successfully cast for \"#{@vote.candidate}\" at #{@vote.time_cast} PST!"
else
render json: @vote.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity
end
PHP
// Use prepared statements to guard against SQL injection.
$sql = 'INSERT INTO votes (time_cast, candidate) VALUES (NOW(), :voteValue)';
try {
$statement = $conn->prepare($sql);
$statement->bindParam('voteValue', $value);
$res = $statement->execute();
} catch (PDOException $e) {
throw new RuntimeException(
'Could not insert vote into database. The PDO exception was ' .
$e->getMessage(),
$e->getCode(),
$e
);
}
Número de conexões
Cada conexão de banco de dados usa recursos do lado do cliente e do servidor. Além disso, o Cloud SQL aplica limites de conexão gerais que não podem ser excedidos. Criar e usar menos conexões reduz a sobrecarga e ajuda você a permanecer abaixo do limite de conexões.
Python
# Pool size is the maximum number of permanent connections to keep.
pool_size=5,
# Temporarily exceeds the set pool_size if no connections are available.
max_overflow=2,
# The total number of concurrent connections for your application will be
# a total of pool_size and max_overflow.
Java
// maximumPoolSize limits the total number of concurrent connections this pool will keep. Ideal
// values for this setting are highly variable on app design, infrastructure, and database.
config.setMaximumPoolSize(5);
// minimumIdle is the minimum number of idle connections Hikari maintains in the pool.
// Additional connections will be established to meet this value unless the pool is full.
config.setMinimumIdle(5);
Node.js
// 'max' limits the total number of concurrent connections this pool will keep. Ideal
// values for this setting are highly variable on app design, infrastructure, and database.
config.pool.max = 5;
// 'min' is the minimum number of idle connections Knex maintains in the pool.
// Additional connections will be established to meet this value unless the pool is full.
config.pool.min = 5;
C#
// MaxPoolSize sets maximum number of connections allowed in the pool.
connectionString.MaxPoolSize = 5;
// MinPoolSize sets the minimum number of connections in the pool.
connectionString.MinPoolSize = 0;
Go
// Set maximum number of connections in idle connection pool.
db.SetMaxIdleConns(5)
// Set maximum number of open connections to the database.
db.SetMaxOpenConns(7)
Ruby
# 'pool' is the maximum number of permanent connections to keep.
pool: 5
PHP
No momento, o PDO não oferece nenhuma funcionalidade para configurar limites de conexão.
Espera exponencial
Se o aplicativo tentar se conectar ao banco de dados e não conseguir, o banco de dados poderá estar temporariamente indisponível. Nesse caso, o envio de solicitações de conexão repetidas desperdiça recursos. É preferível aguardar antes de enviar solicitações adicionais de conexão para permitir que o banco de dados se torne acessível novamente. O uso de uma espera exponencial ou outro mecanismo de atraso atinge essa meta.
Essa nova tentativa só faz sentido em uma primeira conexão ou ao capturar uma conexão do pool pela primeira vez. Se ocorrerem erros no meio de uma transação, o aplicativo precisará tentar de novo e repetir a transação desde o início Portanto, mesmo que seu pool esteja configurado corretamente, o aplicativo ainda poderá ver erros se as conexões forem perdidas.
Python
# SQLAlchemy automatically uses delays between failed connection attempts,
# but provides no arguments for configuration.
Java
// Hikari automatically delays between failed connection attempts, eventually reaching a
// maximum delay of `connectionTimeout / 2` between attempts.
Node.js
// 'knex' uses a built-in retry strategy which does not implement backoff.
// 'createRetryIntervalMillis' is how long to idle after failed connection creation before trying again
config.pool.createRetryIntervalMillis = 200; // 0.2 seconds
C#
Policy
.Handle<NpgsqlException>()
.WaitAndRetry(new[]
{
TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2),
TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)
})
.Execute(() => connection.Open());
Go
No momento, o pacote database/sql não oferece nenhuma funcionalidade para configurar a espera exponencial.
Ruby
# ActiveRecord automatically uses delays between failed connection attempts,
# but provides no arguments for configuration.
PHP
No momento, o PDO não oferece nenhuma funcionalidade para configurar a espera exponencial.
Tempo limite de conexão
Existem muitas razões para a falha de uma tentativa de conexão. A comunicação de rede nunca é garantida, e pode ser que o banco de dados esteja temporariamente indisponível. Verifique se o aplicativo é capaz de lidar com conexões interrompidas ou malsucedidas sem gerar erros.
Python
# 'pool_timeout' is the maximum number of seconds to wait when retrieving a
# new connection from the pool. After the specified amount of time, an
# exception will be thrown.
pool_timeout=30, # 30 seconds
Java
// setConnectionTimeout is the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for a connection checkout.
// Any attempt to retrieve a connection from this pool that exceeds the set limit will throw an
// SQLException.
config.setConnectionTimeout(10000); // 10 seconds
// idleTimeout is the maximum amount of time a connection can sit in the pool. Connections that
// sit idle for this many milliseconds are retried if minimumIdle is exceeded.
config.setIdleTimeout(600000); // 10 minutes
Node.js
// 'acquireTimeoutMillis' is the number of milliseconds before a timeout occurs when acquiring a
// connection from the pool. This is slightly different from connectionTimeout, because acquiring
// a pool connection does not always involve making a new connection, and may include multiple retries.
// when making a connection
config.pool.acquireTimeoutMillis = 60000; // 60 seconds
// 'createTimeoutMillis` is the maximum number of milliseconds to wait trying to establish an
// initial connection before retrying.
// After acquireTimeoutMillis has passed, a timeout exception will be thrown.
config.pool.createTimeoutMillis = 30000; // 30 seconds
// 'idleTimeoutMillis' is the number of milliseconds a connection must sit idle in the pool
// and not be checked out before it is automatically closed.
config.pool.idleTimeoutMillis = 600000; // 10 minutes
C#
// Timeout sets the time to wait (in seconds) while
// trying to establish a connection before terminating the attempt.
connectionString.Timeout = 15;
Go
No momento, o pacote database/sql não oferece nenhuma função para configurar o tempo limite de conexão. O tempo limite é configurado no nível do driver.
Ruby
# 'timeout' is the maximum number of seconds to wait when retrieving a
# new connection from the pool. After the specified amount of time, an
# ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError will be raised.
timeout: 5000
PHP
// Here we set the connection timeout to five seconds and ask PDO to
// throw an exception if any errors occur.
[
PDO::ATTR_TIMEOUT => 5,
PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
]
Duração da conexão
Limitar o tempo de vida de uma conexão pode ajudar a impedir o acúmulo de conexões abandonadas. Use o pool de conexões para limitar a vida útil da sua conexão.
Python
# 'pool_recycle' is the maximum number of seconds a connection can persist.
# Connections that live longer than the specified amount of time will be
# re-established
pool_recycle=1800, # 30 minutes
Java
// maxLifetime is the maximum possible lifetime of a connection in the pool. Connections that
// live longer than this many milliseconds will be closed and reestablished between uses. This
// value should be several minutes shorter than the database's timeout value to avoid unexpected
// terminations.
config.setMaxLifetime(1800000); // 30 minutes
Node.js
Atualmente, a biblioteca 'knex' do Node.js não oferece nenhuma funcionalidade para controlar a duração de uma conexão.
C#
// ConnectionIdleLifetime sets the time (in seconds) to wait before
// closing idle connections in the pool if the count of all
// connections exceeds MinPoolSize.
connectionString.ConnectionIdleLifetime = 300;
Go
// Set Maximum time (in seconds) that a connection can remain open.
db.SetConnMaxLifetime(1800 * time.Second)
Ruby
No momento, o ActiveRecord não oferece nenhuma função para controlar a duração de uma conexão.
PHP
No momento, o PDO não oferece nenhuma função para controlar a duração de uma conexão.
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Python
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Java
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Node.js
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C#
Veja o aplicativo completo da linguagem de programação C#.
Go
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Ruby
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PHP
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A seguir
- Saiba mais sobre IP privado.
- Saiba mais sobre cotas e limites do Cloud SQL e o App Engine.
- Saiba mais sobre as práticas recomendadas para trabalhar com o Cloud SQL.
- Saiba mais sobre como se conectar de um aplicativo externo.