Connect from Cloud Build

MySQL | PostgreSQL | SQL Server

This page contains information and examples for connecting to a Cloud SQL instance from a service running in Cloud Build.

Cloud SQL is a fully-managed database service that helps you set up, maintain, manage, and administer your relational databases in the cloud.

Cloud Build is a service that executes your builds on Google Cloud infrastructure.

Set up a Cloud SQL instance

Enable the Cloud SQL Admin API in the Google Cloud project that you are connecting from, if you haven't already done so:

Enable the API
Create a Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL instance. We recommend that you choose a Cloud SQL instance location in the same region as your Cloud Run service for better latency, to avoid some networking costs, and to reduce cross region failure risks.
By default, Cloud SQL assigns a public IP address to a new instance. You also have the option to assign a private IP address. For more information about the connectivity options for both, see the Connecting Overview page.

Set up an Artifact Registry Repository

Enable the Artifact Registry API in the Google Cloud project that you are connecting from, if you haven't already done so:

Enable the API
Create a Docker Artifact Registry. To improve latency, reduce the risk of cross-region failure, and avoid additional networking costs, we recommend that you choose an Artifact Registry location in the same region as your Cloud Run service.

Configure Cloud Build

The steps to configure Cloud Build depend on the type of IP address that you assigned to your Cloud SQL instance.

Public IP (default)

Make sure your Cloud Build service account has the IAM roles and permissions required to connect to the Cloud SQL instance. The Cloud Build service account is listed on the Google Cloud console IAM page as the Principal [YOUR-PROJECT-NUMBER]@cloudbuild.gserviceaccount.com.

To view this service account in the Google Cloud console, select the Include Google-provided role grants checkbox.

Your Cloud Build service account needs one of the following IAM roles:

Cloud SQL Client (preferred)
Cloud SQL Admin

Or, you can manually assign the following IAM permissions:

cloudsql.instances.connect
cloudsql.instances.get

If the Cloud Build service account belongs to a different project than the Cloud SQL instance, then the Cloud SQL Admin API and IAM permissions need to be added for both projects.

Private IP

To connect to your Cloud SQL instance over private IP, Cloud Build must be in the same VPC network as your Cloud SQL instance. To configure this:

Set up a private connection between the VPC network of your Cloud SQL instance and the service producer network.
Create a Cloud Build private pool.

Once configured, your application will be able to connect directly using your instance's private IP address and port 5432 when your build is run in the pool.

Connect to Cloud SQL

After you configure Cloud Build, you can connect to your Cloud SQL instance.

Public IP (default)

For public IP paths, Cloud Build supports both Unix and TCP sockets.

Connect with TCP

Python

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

import os
import ssl

import sqlalchemy


def connect_tcp_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_host = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_HOST"
    ]  # e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-db-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-db-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    db_port = os.environ["DB_PORT"]  # e.g. 5432

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            host=db_host,
            port=db_port,
            database=db_name,
        ),
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Java

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

Note:

CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME should be represented as <MY-PROJECT>:<INSTANCE-REGION>:<INSTANCE-NAME>
Using the argument ipTypes=PRIVATE will force the SocketFactory to connect with an instance's associated private IP
See the JDBC socket factory version requirements for the pom.xml file here .


import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class TcpConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  private static final String INSTANCE_HOST = System.getenv("INSTANCE_HOST");
  private static final String DB_PORT = System.getenv("DB_PORT");


  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql://<INSTANCE_HOST>:<DB_PORT>/<DB_NAME>?user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql://%s:%s/%s", INSTANCE_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"


    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Node.js

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');
const fs = require('fs');

// createTcpPool initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
const createTcpPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  const dbConfig = {
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      host: process.env.INSTANCE_HOST, // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
      port: process.env.DB_PORT, // e.g. '5432'
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  };
  // Establish a connection to the database.
  return Knex(dbConfig);
};

Go

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"

	// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
	// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
	// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

// connectTCPSocket initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
func connectTCPSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_tcp.go: %s environment variable not set.", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser    = mustGetenv("DB_USER")       // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd     = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")       // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		dbTCPHost = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_HOST") // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
		dbPort    = mustGetenv("DB_PORT")       // e.g. '5432'
		dbName    = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")       // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("host=%s user=%s password=%s port=%s database=%s",
		dbTCPHost, dbUser, dbPwd, dbPort, dbName)


	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

C#

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlTcp
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"),     // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
                // Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user'
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'

                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Ruby

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

tcp: &tcp
  adapter: postgresql
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  host: <%= ENV.fetch("INSTANCE_HOST") { "127.0.0.1" }%> # '172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex
  port: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_PORT") { 5432 }%>

PHP

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseTcp
{
    public static function initTcpDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceHost = getenv('INSTANCE_HOST'); // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' for GAE Flex)

            // Connect using TCP
            $dsn = sprintf('pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s', $dbName, $instanceHost);

            // Connect to the database
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, and $instanceHost (for TCP mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

Connect with Unix sockets

Once correctly configured, you can connect your service to your Cloud SQL instance's Unix domain socket accessed on the environment's filesystem at the following path: /cloudsql/INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME.

The INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME uses the format project:region:instance-id. You can find it on the Overview page for your instance in the Google Cloud console or by running the following command:

gcloud sql instances describe [INSTANCE_NAME]

These connections are automatically encrypted without any additional configuration.

The code samples shown below are extracts from more complete examples on the GitHub site. Click View on GitHub to see more.

Note: The PostgreSQL standard requires a .s.PGSQL.5432 suffix in the socket path. Some libraries apply this suffix automatically, but others require you to specify the socket path as follows:

/cloudsql/INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME/.s.PGSQL.5432

Python

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

import os

import sqlalchemy


def connect_unix_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a Unix socket connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-database-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-database-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    unix_socket_path = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"
    ]  # e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@/<db_name>
        #                         ?unix_sock=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>/.s.PGSQL.5432
        # Note: Some drivers require the `unix_sock` query parameter to use a different key.
        # For example, 'psycopg2' uses the path set to `host` in order to connect successfully.
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            database=db_name,
            query={"unix_sock": f"{unix_socket_path}/.s.PGSQL.5432"},
        ),
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Java

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class ConnectorConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME =
      System.getenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME");
  private static final String INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET = System.getenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET");
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql:///<DB_NAME>?cloudSqlInstance=<INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME>&
    // socketFactory=com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory&user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql:///%s", DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", _postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"

    config.addDataSourceProperty("socketFactory", "com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory");
    config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlInstance", INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME);

    // Unix sockets are not natively supported in Java, so it is necessary to use the Cloud SQL
    // Java Connector to connect. When setting INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, the connector will 
    // call an external package that will enable Unix socket connections.
    // Note: For Java users, the Cloud SQL Java Connector can provide authenticated connections
    // which is usually preferable to using the Cloud SQL Proxy with Unix sockets.
    // See https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory for details.
    if (INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET != null) {
      config.addDataSourceProperty("unixSocketPath", INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET);
    }



    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Node.js

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');

// createUnixSocketPool initializes a Unix socket connection pool for
// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.
const createUnixSocketPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  return Knex({
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
      host: process.env.INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  });
};

C#

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlUnix
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlUnixSocketConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Server=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>;Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Database=<DB_NAME>"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,

                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"), // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Go

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"

	// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
	// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
	// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

// connectUnixSocket initializes a Unix socket connection pool for
// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.
func connectUnixSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_unix.go: %s environment variable not set.\n", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser         = mustGetenv("DB_USER")              // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd          = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")              // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		unixSocketPath = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET") // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'
		dbName         = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")              // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("user=%s password=%s database=%s host=%s",
		dbUser, dbPwd, dbName, unixSocketPath)

	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

Ruby

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

unix: &unix
  adapter: postgresql
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  # Specify the Unix socket path as host
  host: "<%= ENV["INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"] %>"

PHP

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseUnix
{
    public static function initUnixDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceUnixSocket = getenv('INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET'); // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'

            // Connect using UNIX sockets
            $dsn = sprintf(
                'pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s',
                $dbName,
                $instanceUnixSocket
            );

            // Connect to the database.
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, ' .
                        'and $instanceUnixSocket (for UNIX socket mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                (int) $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                (int) $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

You can use the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy in a Cloud Build step to allow connections to your database. This configuration:

Builds your container and pushes it to Artifact Registry.
Builds a second container, copying in the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy binary.

Containers built by Cloud Build do not need to be pushed to any registry, and are discarded on build completion.

Using the second container, starts the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy and runs any migration commands.

steps:
  - id: "docker-build"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    args: ["build", "-t", "${_IMAGE_NAME}", "sql-proxy/."]

  - id: "docker-push"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    args: ["push", "${_IMAGE_NAME}"]

  - id: "docker-layer"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    entrypoint: /bin/bash
    args:
      - '-c'
      - |
        echo "FROM $_IMAGE_NAME
        COPY --from=gcr.io/cloud-sql-connectors/cloud-sql-proxy /cloud-sql-proxy /cloudsql/cloud-sql-proxy" > Dockerfile-proxy;

        docker build -f Dockerfile-proxy -t ${_IMAGE_NAME}-proxy .

  # For TCP connections
  - id: "migrate-tcp"
    name: "${_IMAGE_NAME}-proxy"
    dir: sql-proxy
    env:
      - "DATABASE_NAME=${_DATABASE_NAME}"
      - "DATABASE_USER=${_DATABASE_USER}"
      - "DATABASE_HOST=127.0.0.1"
      - "DATABASE_PORT=${_DATABASE_PORT}"
      - "DATABASE_TYPE=${_DATABASE_TYPE}"
    secretEnv:
      - DATABASE_PASS
    entrypoint: /bin/bash
    args:
      - '-c'
      - |
        /cloudsql/cloud-sql-proxy --port ${_DATABASE_PORT} ${_INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME} & sleep 2;
        python migrate.py # for example

  # For Unix Socket connections
  - id: "migrate-socket"
    name: "${_IMAGE_NAME}-proxy"
    dir: sql-proxy
    env:
      - "DATABASE_NAME=${_DATABASE_NAME}"
      - "DATABASE_USER=${_DATABASE_USER}"
      - "INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME=${_INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME}"
      - "DATABASE_TYPE=${_DATABASE_TYPE}"
    secretEnv:
      - DATABASE_PASS
    entrypoint: /bin/bash
    args:
      - '-c'
      - |
        /cloudsql/cloud-sql-proxy --unix-socket /cloudsql ${_INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME} & sleep 2;
        if [ $_DATABASE_TYPE = 'mssql' ]; then echo "MSSQL doesn't support Unix Sockets. Skippng."; exit 0; fi;
        python migrate.py # for example.

options:
  dynamicSubstitutions: true

substitutions:
  _DATABASE_USER: myuser
  _DATABASE_NAME: mydatabase
  _INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME: ${PROJECT_ID}:us-central1:myinstance
  _DATABASE_PORT: '5432'
  _DATABASE_TYPE: postgres
  _DATABASE_PASSWORD_KEY: database_password
  _AR_REPO_REGION: us-central1
  _AR_REPO_NAME: my-docker-repo
  _IMAGE_NAME: ${_AR_REPO_REGION}-docker.pkg.dev/${PROJECT_ID}/${_AR_REPO_NAME}/sample-sql-proxy

availableSecrets:
  secretManager:
    - versionName: projects/$PROJECT_ID/secrets/${_DATABASE_PASSWORD_KEY}/versions/latest
      env: DATABASE_PASS

The Cloud Build code sample above shows how you might run a hypothetical migrate script after deploying the sample app above to update its Cloud SQL database using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy and Cloud Build. To run this Cloud Build code sample the setup steps required are:

Create a folder name sql-proxy
Create a Dockerfile file in the sql-proxy folder with the following single line of code for its file contents:
```
FROM gcr.io/gcp-runtimes/ubuntu_20_0_4
```
Create a cloudbuild.yaml file in the sql-proxy folder.
Update the cloudbuild.yaml file:
1. Copy the sample Cloud Build code above and paste it into the cloudbuild.yaml file.
2. Use either a TCP connection or a Unix socket connection by removing the code block for the connection method not being used.
3. Replace the following placeholder values with the values used in your project:
  - mydatabase
  - myuser
  - myinstance
Create a secret named database_password in Secret Manager.
- In order for the Cloud Build service account to access this secret, you will have to grant it the Secret Manager Secret Accessor role in IAM. See Using secrets from Secret Manager for more information.
Create a migrate.py script file in the sql-proxy folder.
- The script can reference the following environment variables and the secret created in the cloudbuild.yaml file using the following examples:
  - os.getenv('DATABASE_NAME')
  - os.getenv('DATABASE_USER')
  - os.getenv('DATABASE_PASS')
  - os.getenv('INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME')
- To reference the same variables from a Bash script (for example: migrate.sh) use the following examples:
  - $DATABASE_NAME
  - $DATABASE_USER
  - $DATABASE_PASS
  - $INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME
Run the following gcloud builds submit command to build a container with the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy, start the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy, and run the migrate.py script:
```
gcloud builds submit --config cloudbuild.yaml
```

Private IP

For private IP paths, your application connects directly to your instance through private pools. This method uses TCP to connect directly to the Cloud SQL instance without using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy.

Connect with TCP

Connect using the private IP address of your Cloud SQL instance as the host and port 5432.

Python

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

import os
import ssl

import sqlalchemy


def connect_tcp_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_host = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_HOST"
    ]  # e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-db-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-db-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    db_port = os.environ["DB_PORT"]  # e.g. 5432

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            host=db_host,
            port=db_port,
            database=db_name,
        ),
        # ...
    )
    return pool

Java

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

Note:

CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME should be represented as <MY-PROJECT>:<INSTANCE-REGION>:<INSTANCE-NAME>
Using the argument ipTypes=PRIVATE will force the SocketFactory to connect with an instance's associated private IP
See the JDBC socket factory version requirements for the pom.xml file here .


import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class TcpConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  private static final String INSTANCE_HOST = System.getenv("INSTANCE_HOST");
  private static final String DB_PORT = System.getenv("DB_PORT");


  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:
    // jdbc:postgresql://<INSTANCE_HOST>:<DB_PORT>/<DB_NAME>?user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>
    // See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory
    // https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql://%s:%s/%s", INSTANCE_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"


    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Node.js

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

const Knex = require('knex');
const fs = require('fs');

// createTcpPool initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
const createTcpPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  const dbConfig = {
    client: 'pg',
    connection: {
      host: process.env.INSTANCE_HOST, // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
      port: process.env.DB_PORT, // e.g. '5432'
      user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-user'
      password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-user-password'
      database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  };
  // Establish a connection to the database.
  return Knex(dbConfig);
};

Go

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"

	// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use
	// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires
	// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex.
	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
)

// connectTCPSocket initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of Postgres.
func connectTCPSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_tcp.go: %s environment variable not set.", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser    = mustGetenv("DB_USER")       // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd     = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")       // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		dbTCPHost = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_HOST") // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
		dbPort    = mustGetenv("DB_PORT")       // e.g. '5432'
		dbName    = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")       // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("host=%s user=%s password=%s port=%s database=%s",
		dbTCPHost, dbUser, dbPwd, dbPort, dbName)


	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("pgx", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

C#

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

using Npgsql;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class PostgreSqlTcp
    {
        public static NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder NewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
            var connectionString = new NpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                Host = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"),     // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
                // Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
                Username = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"), // e.g. 'my-db-user'
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"), // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                Database = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'

                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.
                SslMode = SslMode.Disable,
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Ruby

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

tcp: &tcp
  adapter: postgresql
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  host: <%= ENV.fetch("INSTANCE_HOST") { "127.0.0.1" }%> # '172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex
  port: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_PORT") { 5432 }%>

PHP

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseTcp
{
    public static function initTcpDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceHost = getenv('INSTANCE_HOST'); // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' for GAE Flex)

            // Connect using TCP
            $dsn = sprintf('pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s', $dbName, $instanceHost);

            // Connect to the database
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, and $instanceHost (for TCP mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

You can then create a Cloud Build step to run your code directly.

steps:
  - id: "docker-build"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    args: ["build", "-t", "${_IMAGE_NAME}", "sql-private-pool/."]

  - id: "docker-push"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    args: ["push", "${_IMAGE_NAME}"]

  - id: "migration"
    name: "${_IMAGE_NAME}"
    dir: sql-private-pool
    env:
      - "DATABASE_NAME=mydatabase"
      - "DATABASE_USER=myuser"
      - "DATABASE_HOST=${_DATABASE_HOST}"
      - "DATABASE_TYPE=${_DATABASE_TYPE}"
    secretEnv:
      - DATABASE_PASS
    entrypoint: python   # for example
    args: ["migrate.py"] # for example

options:
  pool:
    name: projects/$PROJECT_ID/locations/us-central1/workerPools/private-pool
  dynamicSubstitutions: true

substitutions:
  _DATABASE_PASSWORD_KEY: database_password
  _DATABASE_TYPE: postgres
  _AR_REPO_REGION: us-central1
  _AR_REPO_NAME: my-docker-repo
  _IMAGE_NAME: ${_AR_REPO_REGION}-docker.pkg.dev/${PROJECT_ID}/${_AR_REPO_NAME}/sample-private-pool

availableSecrets:
  secretManager:
    - versionName: projects/$PROJECT_ID/secrets/${_DATABASE_PASSWORD_KEY}/versions/latest
      env: DATABASE_PASS

The Cloud Build code sample above shows how you might run a hypothetical migrate script after deploying the sample app above to update its Cloud SQL database using Cloud Build. To run this Cloud Build code sample the setup steps required are:

Create a folder name sql-private-pool
Create a Dockerfile file in the sql-private-pool folder with the following single line of code for its file contents:
```
FROM gcr.io/gcp-runtimes/ubuntu_20_0_4
```
Create a cloudbuild.yaml file in the sql-private-pool folder.
Update the cloudbuild.yaml file:
1. Copy the sample Cloud Build code above and paste it into the cloudbuild.yaml file.
2. Replace the following placeholder values with the values used in your project:
  - mydatabase
  - myuser
  - databasehost, in the form host:port.
Create a secret named database_password in Secret Manager.
- In order for the Cloud Build service account to access this secret, you will have to grant it the Secret Manager Secret Accessor role in IAM. See Using secrets from Secret Manager for more information.
Create a migrate.py script file in the sql-proxy folder.
- The script can reference the following environment variables and the secret created in the cloudbuild.yaml file using the following examples:
  - os.getenv('DATABASE_NAME')
  - os.getenv('DATABASE_USER')
  - os.getenv('DATABASE_PASS')
  - os.getenv('DATABASE_HOST')
- To reference the same variables from a Bash script (for example: migrate.sh) use the following examples:
  - $DATABASE_NAME
  - $DATABASE_USER
  - $DATABASE_PASS
  - $DATABASE_HOST
Run the following gcloud builds submit command to build a container with the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy, start the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy, and run the migrate.py script:
```
gcloud builds submit --config cloudbuild.yaml
```

Best practices and other information

You can use the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy when testing your application locally. See the quickstart for using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy for detailed instructions.

You can also test using the Cloud SQL Proxy via a docker container.

Database schema migrations

By configuring Cloud Build to connect to Cloud SQL, you can run database schema migration tasks in Cloud Build using the same code you would deploy to any other serverless platform.

Using Secret Manager

You can use Secret Manager to include sensitive information in your builds.