About client-side encryption

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class CloudSqlConnectionPool {

  public static DataSource createConnectionPool(String dbUser, String dbPass, String dbName,
      String instanceConnectionName) throws GeneralSecurityException {
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
    config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql:///%s", dbName));
    config.setUsername(dbUser); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
    config.setPassword(dbPass); // e.g. "my-password"
    config.addDataSourceProperty("socketFactory", "com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory");
    config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlInstance", instanceConnectionName);
    DataSource pool = new HikariDataSource(config);
    return pool;
  }

  public static void createTable(DataSource pool, String tableName) throws SQLException {
    // Safely attempt to create the table schema.
    try (Connection conn = pool.getConnection()) {
      String stmt = String.format("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s ( "
          + "vote_id SERIAL NOT NULL, time_cast timestamp NOT NULL, team CHAR(6) NOT NULL,"
          + "voter_email BYTEA, PRIMARY KEY (vote_id) );", tableName);
      try (PreparedStatement createTableStatement = conn.prepareStatement(stmt);) {
        createTableStatement.execute();
      }
    }
  }
}

import sqlalchemy


def init_tcp_connection_engine(
    db_user: str, db_pass: str, db_name: str, db_host: str
) -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """
    Creates a connection to the database using tcp socket.
    """
    # Remember - storing secrets in plaintext is potentially unsafe. Consider using
    # something like https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager/docs/overview to help keep
    # secrets secret.

    # Extract host and port from db_host
    host_args = db_host.split(":")
    db_hostname, db_port = host_args[0], int(host_args[1])

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,  # e.g. "my-database-user"
            password=db_pass,  # e.g. "my-database-password"
            host=db_hostname,  # e.g. "127.0.0.1"
            port=db_port,  # e.g. 5432
            database=db_name,  # e.g. "my-database-name"
        ),
    )
    print("Created TCP connection pool")
    return pool


def init_unix_connection_engine(
    db_user: str,
    db_pass: str,
    db_name: str,
    instance_connection_name: str,
    db_socket_dir: str,
) -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """
    Creates a connection to the database using unix socket.
    """
    # Remember - storing secrets in plaintext is potentially unsafe. Consider using
    # something like https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager/docs/overview to help keep
    # secrets secret.

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # mpostgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@/<db_name>?unix_socket=<socket_path>/<cloud_sql_instance_name>
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="postgresql+pg8000",
            username=db_user,  # e.g. "my-database-user"
            password=db_pass,  # e.g. "my-database-password"
            database=db_name,  # e.g. "my-database-name"
            query={
                "unix_sock": "{}/{}/.s.PGSQL.5432".format(
                    db_socket_dir, instance_connection_name  # e.g. "/cloudsql"
                )  # i.e "<PROJECT-NAME>:<INSTANCE-REGION>:<INSTANCE-NAME>"
            },
        ),
    )
    print("Created Unix socket connection pool")
    return pool


def init_db(
    db_user: str,
    db_pass: str,
    db_name: str,
    table_name: str,
    instance_connection_name: str = None,
    db_socket_dir: str = None,
    db_host: str = None,
) -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Starts a connection to the database and creates voting table if it doesn't exist."""

    if db_host:
        db = init_tcp_connection_engine(db_user, db_pass, db_name, db_host)
    else:
        db = init_unix_connection_engine(
            db_user, db_pass, db_name, instance_connection_name, db_socket_dir
        )

    # Create tables (if they don't already exist)
    with db.connect() as conn:
        conn.execute(
            f"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {table_name} "
            "( vote_id SERIAL NOT NULL, time_cast timestamp NOT NULL, "
            "team VARCHAR(6) NOT NULL, voter_email BYTEA, "
            "PRIMARY KEY (vote_id) );"
        )

    print(f"Created table {table_name} in db {db_name}")
    return db

import com.google.crypto.tink.Aead;
import com.google.crypto.tink.KmsClient;
import com.google.crypto.tink.aead.AeadConfig;
import com.google.crypto.tink.aead.AeadKeyTemplates;
import com.google.crypto.tink.aead.KmsEnvelopeAead;
import com.google.crypto.tink.integration.gcpkms.GcpKmsClient;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;

public class CloudKmsEnvelopeAead {

  public static Aead get(String kmsUri) throws GeneralSecurityException {
    AeadConfig.register();

    // Create a new KMS Client
    KmsClient client = new GcpKmsClient().withDefaultCredentials();

    // Create an AEAD primitive using the Cloud KMS key
    Aead gcpAead = client.getAead(kmsUri);

    // Create an envelope AEAD primitive.
    // This key should only be used for client-side encryption to ensure authenticity and integrity
    // of data.
    return new KmsEnvelopeAead(AeadKeyTemplates.AES128_GCM, gcpAead);
  }
}

import logging

import tink
from tink import aead
from tink.integration import gcpkms

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def init_tink_env_aead(key_uri: str, credentials: str) -> tink.aead.KmsEnvelopeAead:
    """
    Initiates the Envelope AEAD object using the KMS credentials.
    """
    aead.register()

    try:
        gcp_client = gcpkms.GcpKmsClient(key_uri, credentials)
        gcp_aead = gcp_client.get_aead(key_uri)
    except tink.TinkError as e:
        logger.error("Error initializing GCP client: %s", e)
        raise e

    # Create envelope AEAD primitive using AES256 GCM for encrypting the data
    # This key should only be used for client-side encryption to ensure authenticity and integrity
    # of data.
    key_template = aead.aead_key_templates.AES256_GCM
    env_aead = aead.KmsEnvelopeAead(key_template, gcp_aead)

    print(f"Created envelope AEAD Primitive using KMS URI: {key_uri}")

    return env_aead

import com.google.crypto.tink.Aead;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.Date;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class EncryptAndInsertData {

  public static void main(String[] args) throws GeneralSecurityException, SQLException {
    // Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not secure - consider a more
    // secure solution such as Cloud Secret Manager to help keep secrets safe.
    String dbUser = System.getenv("DB_USER"); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
    String dbPass = System.getenv("DB_PASS"); // e.g. "mysupersecretpassword"
    String dbName = System.getenv("DB_NAME"); // e.g. "votes_db"
    String instanceConnectionName =
        System.getenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME"); // e.g. "project-name:region:instance-name"
    String kmsUri = System.getenv("CLOUD_KMS_URI"); // e.g. "gcp-kms://projects/...path/to/key
    // Tink uses the "gcp-kms://" prefix for paths to keys stored in Google Cloud KMS. For more
    // info on creating a KMS key and getting its path, see
    // https://cloud.google.com/kms/docs/quickstart

    String team = "TABS";
    String tableName = "votes";
    String email = "hello@example.com";

    // Initialize database connection pool and create table if it does not exist
    // See CloudSqlConnectionPool.java for setup details
    DataSource pool =
        CloudSqlConnectionPool.createConnectionPool(dbUser, dbPass, dbName, instanceConnectionName);
    CloudSqlConnectionPool.createTable(pool, tableName);

    // Initialize envelope AEAD
    // See CloudKmsEnvelopeAead.java for setup details
    Aead envAead = CloudKmsEnvelopeAead.get(kmsUri);

    encryptAndInsertData(pool, envAead, tableName, team, email);
  }

  public static void encryptAndInsertData(
      DataSource pool, Aead envAead, String tableName, String team, String email)
      throws GeneralSecurityException, SQLException {

    try (Connection conn = pool.getConnection()) {
      String stmt =
          String.format(
              "INSERT INTO %s (team, time_cast, voter_email) VALUES (?, ?, ?);", tableName);
      try (PreparedStatement voteStmt = conn.prepareStatement(stmt); ) {
        voteStmt.setString(1, team);
        voteStmt.setTimestamp(2, new Timestamp(new Date().getTime()));

        // Use the envelope AEAD primitive to encrypt the email, using the team name as
        // associated data. This binds the encryption of the email to the team name, preventing
        // associating an encrypted email in one row with a team name in another row.
        byte[] encryptedEmail = envAead.encrypt(email.getBytes(), team.getBytes());
        voteStmt.setBytes(3, encryptedEmail);

        // Finally, execute the statement. If it fails, an error will be thrown.
        voteStmt.execute();
        System.out.println(String.format("Successfully inserted row into table %s", tableName));
      }
    }
  }
}

import datetime
import logging
import os

import sqlalchemy
import tink

from .cloud_kms_env_aead import init_tink_env_aead
from .cloud_sql_connection_pool import init_db


logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def main() -> None:
    """
    Connects to the database, encrypts and inserts some data.
    """
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. "root", "postgres"
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. "mysupersecretpassword"
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. "votes_db"

    # Set if connecting using TCP:
    db_host = os.environ["DB_HOST"]  # e.g. "127.0.0.1"

    # Set if connecting using Unix sockets:
    db_socket_dir = os.environ.get("DB_SOCKET_DIR", "/cloudsql")

    instance_connection_name = os.environ["INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME"]
    # e.g. "project-name:region:instance-name"

    credentials = os.environ.get("GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS", "")
    key_uri = "gcp-kms://" + os.environ["GCP_KMS_URI"]
    # e.g. "gcp-kms://projects/...path/to/key
    # Tink uses the "gcp-kms://" prefix for paths to keys stored in Google
    # Cloud KMS. For more info on creating a KMS key and getting its path, see
    # https://cloud.google.com/kms/docs/quickstart

    table_name = "votes"
    team = "TABS"
    email = "hello@example.com"

    env_aead = init_tink_env_aead(key_uri, credentials)
    db = init_db(
        db_user,
        db_pass,
        db_name,
        table_name,
        instance_connection_name,
        db_socket_dir,
        db_host,
    )

    encrypt_and_insert_data(db, env_aead, table_name, team, email)


def encrypt_and_insert_data(
    db: sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine,
    env_aead: tink.aead.KmsEnvelopeAead,
    table_name: str,
    team: str,
    email: str,
) -> None:
    """
    Inserts a vote into the database with email address previously encrypted using
    a KmsEnvelopeAead object.
    """
    time_cast = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
    # Use the envelope AEAD primitive to encrypt the email, using the team name as
    # associated data. Encryption with associated data ensures authenticity
    # (who the sender is) and integrity (the data has not been tampered with) of that
    # data, but not its secrecy. (see RFC 5116 for more info)
    encrypted_email = env_aead.encrypt(email.encode(), team.encode())
    # Verify that the team is one of the allowed options
    if team != "TABS" and team != "SPACES":
        logger.error(f"Invalid team specified: {team}")
        return

    # Preparing a statement before hand can help protect against injections.
    stmt = sqlalchemy.text(
        f"INSERT INTO {table_name} (time_cast, team, voter_email)"
        " VALUES (:time_cast, :team, :voter_email)"
    )

    # Using a with statement ensures that the connection is always released
    # back into the pool at the end of statement (even if an error occurs)
    with db.connect() as conn:
        conn.execute(stmt, time_cast=time_cast, team=team, voter_email=encrypted_email)
    print(f"Vote successfully cast for '{team}' at time {time_cast}!")

import com.google.crypto.tink.Aead;
import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class QueryAndDecryptData {

  public static void main(String[] args) throws GeneralSecurityException, SQLException {
    // Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not secure - consider a more
    // secure solution such as Cloud Secret Manager to help keep secrets safe.
    String dbUser = System.getenv("DB_USER"); // e.g. "root", "postgres"
    String dbPass = System.getenv("DB_PASS"); // e.g. "mysupersecretpassword"
    String dbName = System.getenv("DB_NAME"); // e.g. "votes_db"
    String instanceConnectionName =
        System.getenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME"); // e.g. "project-name:region:instance-name"
    String kmsUri = System.getenv("CLOUD_KMS_URI"); // e.g. "gcp-kms://projects/...path/to/key
    // Tink uses the "gcp-kms://" prefix for paths to keys stored in Google Cloud KMS. For more
    // info on creating a KMS key and getting its path, see
    // https://cloud.google.com/kms/docs/quickstart

    String tableName = "votes123";

    // Initialize database connection pool and create table if it does not exist
    // See CloudSqlConnectionPool.java for setup details
    DataSource pool =
        CloudSqlConnectionPool.createConnectionPool(dbUser, dbPass, dbName, instanceConnectionName);
    CloudSqlConnectionPool.createTable(pool, tableName);

    // Initialize envelope AEAD
    // See CloudKmsEnvelopeAead.java for setup details
    Aead envAead = CloudKmsEnvelopeAead.get(kmsUri);

    // Insert row into table to test
    // See EncryptAndInsert.java for setup details
    EncryptAndInsertData.encryptAndInsertData(
        pool, envAead, tableName, "SPACES", "hello@example.com");

    queryAndDecryptData(pool, envAead, tableName);
  }

  public static void queryAndDecryptData(DataSource pool, Aead envAead, String tableName)
      throws GeneralSecurityException, SQLException {

    try (Connection conn = pool.getConnection()) {
      String stmt =
          String.format(
              "SELECT team, time_cast, voter_email FROM %s ORDER BY time_cast DESC LIMIT 5",
              tableName);
      try (PreparedStatement voteStmt = conn.prepareStatement(stmt); ) {
        ResultSet voteResults = voteStmt.executeQuery();

        System.out.println("Team\tTime Cast\tEmail");
        while (voteResults.next()) {
          String team = voteResults.getString(1);
          Timestamp timeCast = voteResults.getTimestamp(2);

          // Postgres pads CHAR fields with spaces. These will need to be removed before
          // decrypting.
          String aad = voteResults.getString(1).trim();

          // Use the envelope AEAD primitive to encrypt the email, using the team name as
          // associated data. This binds the encryption of the email to the team name, preventing
          // associating an encrypted email in one row with a team name in another row.
          String email = new String(envAead.decrypt(voteResults.getBytes(3), aad.getBytes()));

          System.out.println(String.format("%s\t%s\t%s", team, timeCast, email));
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

import os

import sqlalchemy
import tink

from .cloud_kms_env_aead import init_tink_env_aead
from .cloud_sql_connection_pool import init_db
from .encrypt_and_insert_data import encrypt_and_insert_data


def main() -> None:
    """
    Connects to the database, inserts encrypted data and retrieves encrypted data.
    """
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. "root", "postgres"
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. "mysupersecretpassword"
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. "votes_db"

    # Set if connecting using TCP:
    db_host = os.environ["DB_HOST"]  # e.g. "127.0.0.1"

    # Set if connecting using Unix sockets:
    db_socket_dir = os.environ.get("DB_SOCKET_DIR", "/cloudsql")

    instance_connection_name = os.environ["INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME"]
    # e.g. "project-name:region:instance-name"

    credentials = os.environ.get("GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS", "")
    key_uri = "gcp-kms://" + os.environ["GCP_KMS_URI"]
    # e.g. "gcp-kms://projects/...path/to/key
    # Tink uses the "gcp-kms://" prefix for paths to keys stored in Google
    # Cloud KMS. For more info on creating a KMS key and getting its path, see
    # https://cloud.google.com/kms/docs/quickstart

    table_name = "votes"
    team = "TABS"
    email = "hello@example.com"

    env_aead = init_tink_env_aead(key_uri, credentials)
    db = init_db(
        db_user,
        db_pass,
        db_name,
        table_name,
        instance_connection_name,
        db_socket_dir,
        db_host,
    )

    encrypt_and_insert_data(db, env_aead, table_name, team, email)
    query_and_decrypt_data(db, env_aead, table_name)


def query_and_decrypt_data(
    db: sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine,
    env_aead: tink.aead.KmsEnvelopeAead,
    table_name: str,
) -> list[tuple[str]]:
    """
    Retrieves data from the database and decrypts it using the KmsEnvelopeAead object.
    """
    with db.connect() as conn:
        # Execute the query and fetch all results
        recent_votes = conn.execute(
            f"SELECT team, time_cast, voter_email FROM {table_name} "
            "ORDER BY time_cast DESC LIMIT 5"
        ).fetchall()

        print("Team\tEmail\tTime Cast")
        output = []

        for row in recent_votes:
            team = row[0]

            # Postgres pads CHAR fields with spaces. These will need to be removed before
            # decrypting.
            aad = team.rstrip()

            # Use the envelope AEAD primitive to decrypt the email, using the team name as
            # associated data. Encryption with associated data ensures authenticity
            # (who the sender is) and integrity (the data has not been tampered with) of that
            # data, but not its secrecy. (see RFC 5116 for more info)
            email = env_aead.decrypt(row[2], aad.encode()).decode()
            time_cast = row[1]

            # Print recent votes
            print(f"{team}\t{email}\t{time_cast}")
            output.append((team, email, time_cast))
    return output