Package memcache is an auto-generated package for the Cloud Memorystore for Memcached API.
Google Cloud Memorystore for Memcached API is used for creating and managing Memcached instances in GCP.
NOTE: This package is in beta. It is not stable, and may be subject to changes.
Use of Context
The ctx passed to NewClient is used for authentication requests and for creating the underlying connection, but is not used for subsequent calls. Individual methods on the client use the ctx given to them.
To close the open connection, use the Close() method.
For information about setting deadlines, reusing contexts, and more please visit https://pkg.go.dev/cloud.google.com/go.
Functions
func DefaultAuthScopes
func DefaultAuthScopes() []stringDefaultAuthScopes reports the default set of authentication scopes to use with this package.
ApplyParametersOperation
type ApplyParametersOperation struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}ApplyParametersOperation manages a long-running operation from ApplyParameters.
func (*ApplyParametersOperation) Done
func (op *ApplyParametersOperation) Done() boolDone reports whether the long-running operation has completed.
func (*ApplyParametersOperation) Metadata
func (op *ApplyParametersOperation) Metadata() (*memcachepb.OperationMetadata, error)Metadata returns metadata associated with the long-running operation. Metadata itself does not contact the server, but Poll does. To get the latest metadata, call this method after a successful call to Poll. If the metadata is not available, the returned metadata and error are both nil.
func (*ApplyParametersOperation) Name
func (op *ApplyParametersOperation) Name() stringName returns the name of the long-running operation. The name is assigned by the server and is unique within the service from which the operation is created.
func (*ApplyParametersOperation) Poll
func (op *ApplyParametersOperation) Poll(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Poll fetches the latest state of the long-running operation.
Poll also fetches the latest metadata, which can be retrieved by Metadata.
If Poll fails, the error is returned and op is unmodified. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed with failure, the error is returned and op.Done will return true. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed successfully, op.Done will return true, and the response of the operation is returned. If Poll succeeds and the operation has not completed, the returned response and error are both nil.
func (*ApplyParametersOperation) Wait
func (op *ApplyParametersOperation) Wait(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Wait blocks until the long-running operation is completed, returning the response and any errors encountered.
See documentation of Poll for error-handling information.
ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation
type ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation manages a long-running operation from ApplySoftwareUpdate.
func (*ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Done
func (op *ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Done() boolDone reports whether the long-running operation has completed.
func (*ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Metadata
func (op *ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Metadata() (*memcachepb.OperationMetadata, error)Metadata returns metadata associated with the long-running operation. Metadata itself does not contact the server, but Poll does. To get the latest metadata, call this method after a successful call to Poll. If the metadata is not available, the returned metadata and error are both nil.
func (*ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Name
func (op *ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Name() stringName returns the name of the long-running operation. The name is assigned by the server and is unique within the service from which the operation is created.
func (*ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Poll
func (op *ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Poll(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Poll fetches the latest state of the long-running operation.
Poll also fetches the latest metadata, which can be retrieved by Metadata.
If Poll fails, the error is returned and op is unmodified. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed with failure, the error is returned and op.Done will return true. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed successfully, op.Done will return true, and the response of the operation is returned. If Poll succeeds and the operation has not completed, the returned response and error are both nil.
func (*ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Wait
func (op *ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation) Wait(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Wait blocks until the long-running operation is completed, returning the response and any errors encountered.
See documentation of Poll for error-handling information.
CloudMemcacheCallOptions
type CloudMemcacheCallOptions struct {
ListInstances []gax.CallOption
GetInstance []gax.CallOption
CreateInstance []gax.CallOption
UpdateInstance []gax.CallOption
UpdateParameters []gax.CallOption
DeleteInstance []gax.CallOption
ApplyParameters []gax.CallOption
ApplySoftwareUpdate []gax.CallOption
}CloudMemcacheCallOptions contains the retry settings for each method of CloudMemcacheClient.
CloudMemcacheClient
type CloudMemcacheClient struct {
// The call options for this service.
CallOptions *CloudMemcacheCallOptions
// LROClient is used internally to handle long-running operations.
// It is exposed so that its CallOptions can be modified if required.
// Users should not Close this client.
LROClient *lroauto.OperationsClient
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}CloudMemcacheClient is a client for interacting with Cloud Memorystore for Memcached API. Methods, except Close, may be called concurrently. However, fields must not be modified concurrently with method calls.
Configures and manages Cloud Memorystore for Memcached instances.
The memcache.googleapis.com service implements the Google Cloud Memorystore for Memcached API and defines the following resource model for managing Memorystore Memcached (also called Memcached below) instances:
The service works with a collection of cloud projects, named: /projects/*
Each project has a collection of available locations, named: /locations/*
Each location has a collection of Memcached instances, named: /instances/*
As such, Memcached instances are resources of the form: /projects/{project_id}/locations/{location_id}/instances/{instance_id}
Note that location_id must be a GCP region; for example:
projects/my-memcached-project/locations/us-central1/instances/my-memcached
func NewCloudMemcacheClient
func NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx context.Context, opts ...option.ClientOption) (*CloudMemcacheClient, error)NewCloudMemcacheClient creates a new cloud memcache client based on gRPC. The returned client must be Closed when it is done being used to clean up its underlying connections.
Configures and manages Cloud Memorystore for Memcached instances.
The memcache.googleapis.com service implements the Google Cloud Memorystore for Memcached API and defines the following resource model for managing Memorystore Memcached (also called Memcached below) instances:
The service works with a collection of cloud projects, named: /projects/*
Each project has a collection of available locations, named: /locations/*
Each location has a collection of Memcached instances, named: /instances/*
As such, Memcached instances are resources of the form: /projects/{project_id}/locations/{location_id}/instances/{instance_id}
Note that location_id must be a GCP region; for example:
projects/my-memcached-project/locations/us-central1/instances/my-memcached
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
// TODO: Use client.
_ = c
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) ApplyParameters
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) ApplyParameters(ctx context.Context, req *memcachepb.ApplyParametersRequest, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*ApplyParametersOperation, error)ApplyParameters ApplyParameters restarts the set of specified nodes in order to update them to the current set of parameters for the Memcached Instance.
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
memcachepb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/memcache/v1beta2"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
req := &memcachepb.ApplyParametersRequest{
// TODO: Fill request struct fields.
}
op, err := c.ApplyParameters(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
resp, err := op.Wait(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
// TODO: Use resp.
_ = resp
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) ApplyParametersOperation
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) ApplyParametersOperation(name string) *ApplyParametersOperationApplyParametersOperation returns a new ApplyParametersOperation from a given name. The name must be that of a previously created ApplyParametersOperation, possibly from a different process.
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) ApplySoftwareUpdate
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) ApplySoftwareUpdate(ctx context.Context, req *memcachepb.ApplySoftwareUpdateRequest, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation, error)ApplySoftwareUpdate updates software on the selected nodes of the Instance.
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
memcachepb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/memcache/v1beta2"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
req := &memcachepb.ApplySoftwareUpdateRequest{
// TODO: Fill request struct fields.
}
op, err := c.ApplySoftwareUpdate(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
resp, err := op.Wait(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
// TODO: Use resp.
_ = resp
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation(name string) *ApplySoftwareUpdateOperationApplySoftwareUpdateOperation returns a new ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation from a given name. The name must be that of a previously created ApplySoftwareUpdateOperation, possibly from a different process.
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) Close
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) Close() errorClose closes the connection to the API service. The user should invoke this when the client is no longer required.
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) Connection
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) Connection() *grpc.ClientConnConnection returns a connection to the API service.
Deprecated.
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) CreateInstance
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) CreateInstance(ctx context.Context, req *memcachepb.CreateInstanceRequest, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*CreateInstanceOperation, error)CreateInstance creates a new Instance in a given location.
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
memcachepb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/memcache/v1beta2"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
req := &memcachepb.CreateInstanceRequest{
// TODO: Fill request struct fields.
}
op, err := c.CreateInstance(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
resp, err := op.Wait(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
// TODO: Use resp.
_ = resp
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) CreateInstanceOperation
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) CreateInstanceOperation(name string) *CreateInstanceOperationCreateInstanceOperation returns a new CreateInstanceOperation from a given name. The name must be that of a previously created CreateInstanceOperation, possibly from a different process.
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) DeleteInstance
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) DeleteInstance(ctx context.Context, req *memcachepb.DeleteInstanceRequest, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*DeleteInstanceOperation, error)DeleteInstance deletes a single Instance.
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
memcachepb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/memcache/v1beta2"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
req := &memcachepb.DeleteInstanceRequest{
// TODO: Fill request struct fields.
}
op, err := c.DeleteInstance(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
err = op.Wait(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) DeleteInstanceOperation
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) DeleteInstanceOperation(name string) *DeleteInstanceOperationDeleteInstanceOperation returns a new DeleteInstanceOperation from a given name. The name must be that of a previously created DeleteInstanceOperation, possibly from a different process.
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) GetInstance
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) GetInstance(ctx context.Context, req *memcachepb.GetInstanceRequest, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)GetInstance gets details of a single Instance.
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
memcachepb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/memcache/v1beta2"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
req := &memcachepb.GetInstanceRequest{
// TODO: Fill request struct fields.
}
resp, err := c.GetInstance(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
// TODO: Use resp.
_ = resp
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) ListInstances
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) ListInstances(ctx context.Context, req *memcachepb.ListInstancesRequest, opts ...gax.CallOption) *InstanceIteratorListInstances lists Instances in a given location.
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
memcachepb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/memcache/v1beta2"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
req := &memcachepb.ListInstancesRequest{
// TODO: Fill request struct fields.
}
it := c.ListInstances(ctx, req)
for {
resp, err := it.Next()
if err == iterator.Done {
break
}
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
// TODO: Use resp.
_ = resp
}
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) UpdateInstance
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) UpdateInstance(ctx context.Context, req *memcachepb.UpdateInstanceRequest, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*UpdateInstanceOperation, error)UpdateInstance updates an existing Instance in a given project and location.
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
memcachepb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/memcache/v1beta2"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
req := &memcachepb.UpdateInstanceRequest{
// TODO: Fill request struct fields.
}
op, err := c.UpdateInstance(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
resp, err := op.Wait(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
// TODO: Use resp.
_ = resp
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) UpdateInstanceOperation
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) UpdateInstanceOperation(name string) *UpdateInstanceOperationUpdateInstanceOperation returns a new UpdateInstanceOperation from a given name. The name must be that of a previously created UpdateInstanceOperation, possibly from a different process.
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) UpdateParameters
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) UpdateParameters(ctx context.Context, req *memcachepb.UpdateParametersRequest, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*UpdateParametersOperation, error)UpdateParameters updates the defined Memcached parameters for an existing instance. This method only stages the parameters, it must be followed by ApplyParameters to apply the parameters to nodes of the Memcached instance.
Example
package main
import (
memcache "cloud.google.com/go/memcache/apiv1beta2"
"context"
memcachepb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/memcache/v1beta2"
)
func main() {
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := memcache.NewCloudMemcacheClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
defer c.Close()
req := &memcachepb.UpdateParametersRequest{
// TODO: Fill request struct fields.
}
op, err := c.UpdateParameters(ctx, req)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
resp, err := op.Wait(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
// TODO: Use resp.
_ = resp
}
func (*CloudMemcacheClient) UpdateParametersOperation
func (c *CloudMemcacheClient) UpdateParametersOperation(name string) *UpdateParametersOperationUpdateParametersOperation returns a new UpdateParametersOperation from a given name. The name must be that of a previously created UpdateParametersOperation, possibly from a different process.
CreateInstanceOperation
type CreateInstanceOperation struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}CreateInstanceOperation manages a long-running operation from CreateInstance.
func (*CreateInstanceOperation) Done
func (op *CreateInstanceOperation) Done() boolDone reports whether the long-running operation has completed.
func (*CreateInstanceOperation) Metadata
func (op *CreateInstanceOperation) Metadata() (*memcachepb.OperationMetadata, error)Metadata returns metadata associated with the long-running operation. Metadata itself does not contact the server, but Poll does. To get the latest metadata, call this method after a successful call to Poll. If the metadata is not available, the returned metadata and error are both nil.
func (*CreateInstanceOperation) Name
func (op *CreateInstanceOperation) Name() stringName returns the name of the long-running operation. The name is assigned by the server and is unique within the service from which the operation is created.
func (*CreateInstanceOperation) Poll
func (op *CreateInstanceOperation) Poll(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Poll fetches the latest state of the long-running operation.
Poll also fetches the latest metadata, which can be retrieved by Metadata.
If Poll fails, the error is returned and op is unmodified. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed with failure, the error is returned and op.Done will return true. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed successfully, op.Done will return true, and the response of the operation is returned. If Poll succeeds and the operation has not completed, the returned response and error are both nil.
func (*CreateInstanceOperation) Wait
func (op *CreateInstanceOperation) Wait(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Wait blocks until the long-running operation is completed, returning the response and any errors encountered.
See documentation of Poll for error-handling information.
DeleteInstanceOperation
type DeleteInstanceOperation struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}DeleteInstanceOperation manages a long-running operation from DeleteInstance.
func (*DeleteInstanceOperation) Done
func (op *DeleteInstanceOperation) Done() boolDone reports whether the long-running operation has completed.
func (*DeleteInstanceOperation) Metadata
func (op *DeleteInstanceOperation) Metadata() (*memcachepb.OperationMetadata, error)Metadata returns metadata associated with the long-running operation. Metadata itself does not contact the server, but Poll does. To get the latest metadata, call this method after a successful call to Poll. If the metadata is not available, the returned metadata and error are both nil.
func (*DeleteInstanceOperation) Name
func (op *DeleteInstanceOperation) Name() stringName returns the name of the long-running operation. The name is assigned by the server and is unique within the service from which the operation is created.
func (*DeleteInstanceOperation) Poll
func (op *DeleteInstanceOperation) Poll(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) errorPoll fetches the latest state of the long-running operation.
Poll also fetches the latest metadata, which can be retrieved by Metadata.
If Poll fails, the error is returned and op is unmodified. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed with failure, the error is returned and op.Done will return true. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed successfully, op.Done will return true, and the response of the operation is returned. If Poll succeeds and the operation has not completed, the returned response and error are both nil.
func (*DeleteInstanceOperation) Wait
func (op *DeleteInstanceOperation) Wait(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) errorWait blocks until the long-running operation is completed, returning the response and any errors encountered.
See documentation of Poll for error-handling information.
InstanceIterator
type InstanceIterator struct {
// Response is the raw response for the current page.
// It must be cast to the RPC response type.
// Calling Next() or InternalFetch() updates this value.
Response interface{}
// InternalFetch is for use by the Google Cloud Libraries only.
// It is not part of the stable interface of this package.
//
// InternalFetch returns results from a single call to the underlying RPC.
// The number of results is no greater than pageSize.
// If there are no more results, nextPageToken is empty and err is nil.
InternalFetch func(pageSize int, pageToken string) (results []*memcachepb.Instance, nextPageToken string, err error)
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}InstanceIterator manages a stream of *memcachepb.Instance.
func (*InstanceIterator) Next
func (it *InstanceIterator) Next() (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Next returns the next result. Its second return value is iterator.Done if there are no more results. Once Next returns Done, all subsequent calls will return Done.
func (*InstanceIterator) PageInfo
func (it *InstanceIterator) PageInfo() *iterator.PageInfoPageInfo supports pagination. See the google.golang.org/api/iterator package for details.
UpdateInstanceOperation
type UpdateInstanceOperation struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}UpdateInstanceOperation manages a long-running operation from UpdateInstance.
func (*UpdateInstanceOperation) Done
func (op *UpdateInstanceOperation) Done() boolDone reports whether the long-running operation has completed.
func (*UpdateInstanceOperation) Metadata
func (op *UpdateInstanceOperation) Metadata() (*memcachepb.OperationMetadata, error)Metadata returns metadata associated with the long-running operation. Metadata itself does not contact the server, but Poll does. To get the latest metadata, call this method after a successful call to Poll. If the metadata is not available, the returned metadata and error are both nil.
func (*UpdateInstanceOperation) Name
func (op *UpdateInstanceOperation) Name() stringName returns the name of the long-running operation. The name is assigned by the server and is unique within the service from which the operation is created.
func (*UpdateInstanceOperation) Poll
func (op *UpdateInstanceOperation) Poll(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Poll fetches the latest state of the long-running operation.
Poll also fetches the latest metadata, which can be retrieved by Metadata.
If Poll fails, the error is returned and op is unmodified. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed with failure, the error is returned and op.Done will return true. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed successfully, op.Done will return true, and the response of the operation is returned. If Poll succeeds and the operation has not completed, the returned response and error are both nil.
func (*UpdateInstanceOperation) Wait
func (op *UpdateInstanceOperation) Wait(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Wait blocks until the long-running operation is completed, returning the response and any errors encountered.
See documentation of Poll for error-handling information.
UpdateParametersOperation
type UpdateParametersOperation struct {
// contains filtered or unexported fields
}UpdateParametersOperation manages a long-running operation from UpdateParameters.
func (*UpdateParametersOperation) Done
func (op *UpdateParametersOperation) Done() boolDone reports whether the long-running operation has completed.
func (*UpdateParametersOperation) Metadata
func (op *UpdateParametersOperation) Metadata() (*memcachepb.OperationMetadata, error)Metadata returns metadata associated with the long-running operation. Metadata itself does not contact the server, but Poll does. To get the latest metadata, call this method after a successful call to Poll. If the metadata is not available, the returned metadata and error are both nil.
func (*UpdateParametersOperation) Name
func (op *UpdateParametersOperation) Name() stringName returns the name of the long-running operation. The name is assigned by the server and is unique within the service from which the operation is created.
func (*UpdateParametersOperation) Poll
func (op *UpdateParametersOperation) Poll(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Poll fetches the latest state of the long-running operation.
Poll also fetches the latest metadata, which can be retrieved by Metadata.
If Poll fails, the error is returned and op is unmodified. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed with failure, the error is returned and op.Done will return true. If Poll succeeds and the operation has completed successfully, op.Done will return true, and the response of the operation is returned. If Poll succeeds and the operation has not completed, the returned response and error are both nil.
func (*UpdateParametersOperation) Wait
func (op *UpdateParametersOperation) Wait(ctx context.Context, opts ...gax.CallOption) (*memcachepb.Instance, error)Wait blocks until the long-running operation is completed, returning the response and any errors encountered.
See documentation of Poll for error-handling information.